Wednesday, December 5, 2007
Saturday, November 24, 2007
Tips and Tricks
Google is your friend when your truly in need to find something online, I personally use it more than I use other search engines like yahoo or msn, for those of you who are big fans of Google or have problems finding what really want you might want to start learning what Google hacking is all about. The word Google hacking is a term that refers to the art or technique of using predefined search queries in order to filter out through large amounts of data. Using Google’s predefined search queries you have at your disposal the ability to find any content online in a more pertinent manner.
You might be thinking Google hacking sounds like rocket siecne or somethng illegal and bad but its not that complex at all and the legal part depends how to use the acquired knowledge. You can learn how to use the techniques, If you’re willing to take a little time out of your busy life and learn this concept.
To get you started here is about the best methods to searhing google for anything you may want.
"parent directory” /appz/ -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
"parent directory" DVDRip -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
"parent directory" Xvid -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
"parent directory" Gamez -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
"parent directory" MP3 -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
"parent directory" Name of Singer or album -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
change the word after the parent directory to what you want and you will get a lot content.
put this string in google search:
?intitle:index.of? mp3
You only need add the name of the song/artist/singer.
Example: ?intitle:index.of? mp3 jackson
put this string in google search:
inurl:microsoft filetype:iso
You can change the string to watever you want, ex. microsoft to adobe, iso to zip etc…
(serial number s/n) adobe
(serial number s/n) norton
(serial number s/n) mcafee
(serial number s/n) 3dmax
(serial number s/n) diskeeper 9
(serial number s/n)
Use Google to find mp3:
“parent directory ” /mp3/ -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
Paste this line into the google search box.
BTW you can search for almost anything by changing the mp3 part to “apps”,”games” etc.
Great Tip For Mp3 Searching On Google,
go to google copy and paste in
Quote:
?intitle:index.of? mp3
and after mp3 put in an artist or album or whatever and hit enter… what you get is lists of downloadable mp3s
eg:
Quote:
?intitle:index.of? mp3 santana
Another trick:
Use the following
Quote:
inurl:microsoft filetype:iso
You can change the string to watever you want, ex. microsoft to adobe, iso to zip etc…
Another trick:
Code:
http://www.google.com/ie?q=parent-directory+”Warez”+exe+OR+zip+OR+rar+OR+gzip+OR+tar+OR+bzip&num=100
Replace “Warez” with “Gamez” “Mp3″ anything you like….
site:harvard.edu tuition
filetype:txt endometriosis
Adobe Portable Document Format (pdf)
Adobe PostScript (ps)
Lotus 1-2-3 (wk1, wk2, wk3, wk4, wk5, wki, wks, wku)
Lotus WordPro (lwp)
MacWrite (mw)
Microsoft Excel (xls)
Microsoft PowerPoint (ppt)
Microsoft Word (doc)
Microsoft Works (wks, wps, wdb)
Microsoft Write (wri)
Rich Text Format (rtf)
Text (ans, txt)
filetype:doc endometriosis“
link:http://www.apple.com
cache:johnny.ihackstuff.com
cache:http://johnny.ihackstuff.com
intitle:gandalf
allintitle:gandalf silmarillion
allinurl:amidala gallery
site:gov secret
site:http://www.cia.gov
site:cia.gov
site:gov
site:http://www.cia
site:www
site:cia
site:csc
site:microsoft
site:http://www.microsoft.com microsoft
site:microsoft.com
intitle:index.of “parent directory”
intitle:index.of name size
intitle:index.of server.at
intitle:index.of server.at site:aol.com
intitle:index.of server.at site:apple.com
intitle:index.of “Apache/1.3.0 Server at”
intitle:index.of “Apache/1.3.0 Server at”
intitle:Test.Page.for.Apache it.worked!
Intitle:Test.Page.for.Apache It.worked! this.web.site!
Intitle:Test.Page.for.Apache seeing.this.instead
Intitle:Simple.page.for.Apache Apache.Hook.Functions
Intitle:test.page “Hey, it worked !” “SSL/TLS-aware”
/cgi-bin/cgiemail/uargg.txt
/random_banner/index.cgi
/random_banner/index.cgi
/cgi-bin/mailview.cgi
/cgi-bin/maillist.cgi
/cgi-bin/userreg.cgi
/iissamples/ISSamples/SQLQHit.asp
/iissamples/ISSamples/SQLQHit.asp
/SiteServer/admin/findvserver.asp
/scripts/cphost.dll
/cgi-bin/finger.cgi
allinurl:/random_banner/index.cgi
index.of
inurl
inurl:backup
inurl:backup intitle:index.of inurl:admin
inurl:admin
inurl:admin intitle:login
inurl:admin filetype:xls
inurl:admin inurl:userlist
inurl:admin filetype:asp inurl:userlist
Lots of people use Apache as their FTP programme, so the idea here is to find Apache’s (default) Index page and go straight to the tasty goo …
Try this query:
+(”index of”) +(”/ebooks”|”/book”) +(chm|pdf|zip|rar) +apache
+(”index of”) +(”/soundtrack”|”/ost”) +(mp3|wma|ogg|ram|wav) +apache
“index of” chm .chm .pdf
Find a particular eBook file
allinurl: +(djvu|rar|chm|zip|pdf|tgz) TheTitle
“book” ext:chm chm
“OReilly” ext:chm chm
The principle will work with other types of media
Try replace “/ebooks” with “moviez” or “media” or “mp3″ or “avis” or “anime” etc., and change the formats as well - for films, use mov, avi, mpeg, rm, rmvb, asf, wmv
I didn’t come up with this, so a big thanks to whoever did.
allinurl: +(mov|avi|mpeg|rm|rmvb|asf|wmv) TheTitle
allinurl: +(jpg|mov|avi|mpeg|rm|wmv) TheTitle
allinurl: +(mp3|wma|ogg|ram|wav) TheTitle
allinurl: +(exe|rar|zip|pzip)
"parent directory" +(jpg|mov|avi|mpeg|rm|wmv) vintage
"parent directory" +(mp3|wma|ogg|ram|wav) Dean Martin
"parent directory" +(exe|rar|zip|pzip)
inurl:/db_mysql.php
filetype:sql site:EDU
filetype:bak inurlasswd
inurl:/backup/private
filetype:xls inurlasswd
directory ” /torrents/ -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
You might be thinking Google hacking sounds like rocket siecne or somethng illegal and bad but its not that complex at all and the legal part depends how to use the acquired knowledge. You can learn how to use the techniques, If you’re willing to take a little time out of your busy life and learn this concept.
To get you started here is about the best methods to searhing google for anything you may want.
"parent directory” /appz/ -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
"parent directory" DVDRip -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
"parent directory" Xvid -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
"parent directory" Gamez -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
"parent directory" MP3 -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
"parent directory" Name of Singer or album -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
change the word after the parent directory to what you want and you will get a lot content.
put this string in google search:
?intitle:index.of? mp3
You only need add the name of the song/artist/singer.
Example: ?intitle:index.of? mp3 jackson
put this string in google search:
inurl:microsoft filetype:iso
You can change the string to watever you want, ex. microsoft to adobe, iso to zip etc…
(serial number s/n) adobe
(serial number s/n) norton
(serial number s/n) mcafee
(serial number s/n) 3dmax
(serial number s/n) diskeeper 9
(serial number s/n)
Use Google to find mp3:
“parent directory ” /mp3/ -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
Paste this line into the google search box.
BTW you can search for almost anything by changing the mp3 part to “apps”,”games” etc.
Great Tip For Mp3 Searching On Google,
go to google copy and paste in
Quote:
?intitle:index.of? mp3
and after mp3 put in an artist or album or whatever and hit enter… what you get is lists of downloadable mp3s
eg:
Quote:
?intitle:index.of? mp3 santana
Another trick:
Use the following
Quote:
inurl:microsoft filetype:iso
You can change the string to watever you want, ex. microsoft to adobe, iso to zip etc…
Another trick:
Code:
http://www.google.com/ie?q=parent-directory+”Warez”+exe+OR+zip+OR+rar+OR+gzip+OR+tar+OR+bzip&num=100
Replace “Warez” with “Gamez” “Mp3″ anything you like….
site:harvard.edu tuition
filetype:txt endometriosis
Adobe Portable Document Format (pdf)
Adobe PostScript (ps)
Lotus 1-2-3 (wk1, wk2, wk3, wk4, wk5, wki, wks, wku)
Lotus WordPro (lwp)
MacWrite (mw)
Microsoft Excel (xls)
Microsoft PowerPoint (ppt)
Microsoft Word (doc)
Microsoft Works (wks, wps, wdb)
Microsoft Write (wri)
Rich Text Format (rtf)
Text (ans, txt)
filetype:doc endometriosis“
link:http://www.apple.com
cache:johnny.ihackstuff.com
cache:http://johnny.ihackstuff.com
intitle:gandalf
allintitle:gandalf silmarillion
allinurl:amidala gallery
site:gov secret
site:http://www.cia.gov
site:cia.gov
site:gov
site:http://www.cia
site:www
site:cia
site:csc
site:microsoft
site:http://www.microsoft.com microsoft
site:microsoft.com
intitle:index.of “parent directory”
intitle:index.of name size
intitle:index.of server.at
intitle:index.of server.at site:aol.com
intitle:index.of server.at site:apple.com
intitle:index.of “Apache/1.3.0 Server at”
intitle:index.of “Apache/1.3.0 Server at”
intitle:Test.Page.for.Apache it.worked!
Intitle:Test.Page.for.Apache It.worked! this.web.site!
Intitle:Test.Page.for.Apache seeing.this.instead
Intitle:Simple.page.for.Apache Apache.Hook.Functions
Intitle:test.page “Hey, it worked !” “SSL/TLS-aware”
/cgi-bin/cgiemail/uargg.txt
/random_banner/index.cgi
/random_banner/index.cgi
/cgi-bin/mailview.cgi
/cgi-bin/maillist.cgi
/cgi-bin/userreg.cgi
/iissamples/ISSamples/SQLQHit.asp
/iissamples/ISSamples/SQLQHit.asp
/SiteServer/admin/findvserver.asp
/scripts/cphost.dll
/cgi-bin/finger.cgi
allinurl:/random_banner/index.cgi
index.of
inurl
inurl:backup
inurl:backup intitle:index.of inurl:admin
inurl:admin
inurl:admin intitle:login
inurl:admin filetype:xls
inurl:admin inurl:userlist
inurl:admin filetype:asp inurl:userlist
Lots of people use Apache as their FTP programme, so the idea here is to find Apache’s (default) Index page and go straight to the tasty goo …
Try this query:
+(”index of”) +(”/ebooks”|”/book”) +(chm|pdf|zip|rar) +apache
+(”index of”) +(”/soundtrack”|”/ost”) +(mp3|wma|ogg|ram|wav) +apache
“index of” chm .chm .pdf
Find a particular eBook file
allinurl: +(djvu|rar|chm|zip|pdf|tgz) TheTitle
“book” ext:chm chm
“OReilly” ext:chm chm
The principle will work with other types of media
Try replace “/ebooks” with “moviez” or “media” or “mp3″ or “avis” or “anime” etc., and change the formats as well - for films, use mov, avi, mpeg, rm, rmvb, asf, wmv
I didn’t come up with this, so a big thanks to whoever did.
allinurl: +(mov|avi|mpeg|rm|rmvb|asf|wmv) TheTitle
allinurl: +(jpg|mov|avi|mpeg|rm|wmv) TheTitle
allinurl: +(mp3|wma|ogg|ram|wav) TheTitle
allinurl: +(exe|rar|zip|pzip)
"parent directory" +(jpg|mov|avi|mpeg|rm|wmv) vintage
"parent directory" +(mp3|wma|ogg|ram|wav) Dean Martin
"parent directory" +(exe|rar|zip|pzip)
inurl:/db_mysql.php
filetype:sql site:EDU
filetype:bak inurlasswd
inurl:/backup/private
filetype:xls inurlasswd
directory ” /torrents/ -xxx -html -htm -php -shtml -opendivx -md5 -md5sums
Read this to know something about relationships.
Relationships between people, whether of a personal or a business nature, can be very delicate and must be continuously nurtured in order to preserve them. If tended well, they can provide long lasting security and an immense sense of belonging to a group or association.
Effective relationships within an organization are a necessity as wellbeing of the group or organization is reliant upon how well its members can work together and on how well the members of the organization work with management.
An ineffective group or organization can be really frustrating and may ask so much of their members that it impacts on their life outside of the organization. In order to meet deadlines, members may be foregoing their need to interact efficiently with their family members or to meet their own needs for relaxation in other ways. Thus, a group or organization may find that relationships will become stressed or break down. People or other entities who depend on these groups or organization also suffer.
Society is defined as a web of relationships, which requires all parties to work and contribute their share in order to achieve a common goal. Having a relationship that is good, where cooperation and respect are manifested, can make society work better. In this way each member works for the good of the whole and towards achieving a common goal. This can only be attained with effective and efficient relationships.
Understanding how the other party is feeling is important to creating an effective and efficient relationship. The easiest method to understand what is important to another party is to ask them what they want and listen to what they have to say. When the other party realizes that their feelings are important to you, they will be more trusting.
The open expression of feelings and needs by all parties to a relationship is paramount to the continuance of an efficient and effective relationship. Assuming that the other party understands our needs is not a good practice.
Another key factor in a relationship is respect. Respect is the very foundation for a great relationship. To build a productive and harmonious relationship, parties must treat one another with respect. This can be achieved by simply listening to the other party and by genuinely trying to understand how they function. You can also show respect to other parties by confirming that they are doing everything they can.
Differences in the parties can be quite interesting and needs to be tackled directly. These differences may lead to the formation of different perspectives when considering information pertinent to the relationship.
Try to work out a win-win solution for both parties
This can be done when at least one party acknowledges that the relationship is important. That party would then exert more time, effort and energy to understand the other party's needs and deal with it to get it out of the way. Should they fail, it is comforting for that party to know that they tried.
Effective listening and no pre-judging. This is important if parties are to understand each other.
Informal discussions are conducive for parties. They bring out issues and concerns comfortably. They also feel more relaxed making them think more clearly.
Developing an atmosphere where the other party can express their feelings when they need to.
When parties fail to express whatever is on their mind or their feelings, it can get in the way of building an effective relationship.
Parties should be aware that certain things exist naturally but should be controlled in any dealings in any relationship. Human nature is one. Some of these things found in a relationship also include a history of stereotyping or mistrust, blaming the other person or party for a strained relationship, excluding the other party's feelings when focusing on a task, no clear and defined objectives, roles and expectations of each party in a relationship is also unclear.
Relationships are important to anyone, addressing issues and problems right away is a must to further improve the relationship. As they say 'No man is an Island'.
Effective relationships within an organization are a necessity as wellbeing of the group or organization is reliant upon how well its members can work together and on how well the members of the organization work with management.
An ineffective group or organization can be really frustrating and may ask so much of their members that it impacts on their life outside of the organization. In order to meet deadlines, members may be foregoing their need to interact efficiently with their family members or to meet their own needs for relaxation in other ways. Thus, a group or organization may find that relationships will become stressed or break down. People or other entities who depend on these groups or organization also suffer.
Society is defined as a web of relationships, which requires all parties to work and contribute their share in order to achieve a common goal. Having a relationship that is good, where cooperation and respect are manifested, can make society work better. In this way each member works for the good of the whole and towards achieving a common goal. This can only be attained with effective and efficient relationships.
Understanding how the other party is feeling is important to creating an effective and efficient relationship. The easiest method to understand what is important to another party is to ask them what they want and listen to what they have to say. When the other party realizes that their feelings are important to you, they will be more trusting.
The open expression of feelings and needs by all parties to a relationship is paramount to the continuance of an efficient and effective relationship. Assuming that the other party understands our needs is not a good practice.
Another key factor in a relationship is respect. Respect is the very foundation for a great relationship. To build a productive and harmonious relationship, parties must treat one another with respect. This can be achieved by simply listening to the other party and by genuinely trying to understand how they function. You can also show respect to other parties by confirming that they are doing everything they can.
Differences in the parties can be quite interesting and needs to be tackled directly. These differences may lead to the formation of different perspectives when considering information pertinent to the relationship.
Try to work out a win-win solution for both parties
This can be done when at least one party acknowledges that the relationship is important. That party would then exert more time, effort and energy to understand the other party's needs and deal with it to get it out of the way. Should they fail, it is comforting for that party to know that they tried.
Effective listening and no pre-judging. This is important if parties are to understand each other.
Informal discussions are conducive for parties. They bring out issues and concerns comfortably. They also feel more relaxed making them think more clearly.
Developing an atmosphere where the other party can express their feelings when they need to.
When parties fail to express whatever is on their mind or their feelings, it can get in the way of building an effective relationship.
Parties should be aware that certain things exist naturally but should be controlled in any dealings in any relationship. Human nature is one. Some of these things found in a relationship also include a history of stereotyping or mistrust, blaming the other person or party for a strained relationship, excluding the other party's feelings when focusing on a task, no clear and defined objectives, roles and expectations of each party in a relationship is also unclear.
Relationships are important to anyone, addressing issues and problems right away is a must to further improve the relationship. As they say 'No man is an Island'.
Selling online.
How To Sell A Product Online. 3 Steps To Get Started.
Online businesses continue to grow. Every day, new merchant start-ups are added to the World Wide Web and successful businesses expand. The internet has literally changed the face of doing business. If you’re interested in joining the ranks of individuals who are making money online, here are the three basic steps you’ll need to take to get started.
Step. 1. Choose your product. In the world of online sales, there are a number of options for you to choose from.
Sell a product. If you’ve ever been interested in retail but are not interested in opening up a brick and mortar type store this business is for you! You actually have two ways to go when you sell products you can sell products that you’ve made like candles, jewelry, Santa letters, costumes, pet treats etc., you can find companies that dropship, or you can become a direct sales consultant.
Direct sales consultants are essentially independent sales people for other companies. They’re self employed and generally market their business online and via home based parties. Common direct sales companies include Avon, Shacklee, and Discovery Toys. These are only a few of the hundreds of direct sales opportunities available
Dropshipping means the manufacturer or wholesaler will ship the product directly to your customers upon ordering. Again, the sky is the limit here, you can find just about any type of product you’re passionate about and start selling. For example, are you crazy about cooking, there are certainly wholesale companies that cater to the culinary industry.
Selling information. Information marketing is growing by leaps and bounds. It encompasses selling books, online courses, audio books or courses – anything that can be downloaded online can be sold. You can build an information marketing empire around your specific and unique knowledge or a topic that you are interested in. If the idea of creating your own information products is not to your liking, consider purchasing resale rights to books that other people have written or find a ghostwriter to have your products written for you.
Information website. The last type of business that you can open is an information based website. You can develop an entire website devoted to your specialized knowledge or area of interest. Information websites make money selling advertising space and promoting affiliate products. . You can also make good money as an affiliate marketer. This means that if your passion is helping people cope with food allergies and you have favorite food products, cookbooks, and information on the subject you can partner with the manufacturers of these companies to make a commission from any sales you send their way.
Step 2. Build your website. Building your website is a very important step. In fact it is critical. The good news is that it isn’t irreversible. If you choose a keyword that doesn’t sell, you can change your keywords. The first thing you will want to do, once you’ve determined what type of online business you’re going to open is determine your target audience. Here are a few questions to ask.
How old are they?
How much do they make?
Male or female?
Do they have children?
Are they married or single?
What are their problems as they relate to your product? For example if you’re selling patio furniture, what solutions are you providing?
How do they normally shop?
Where do they live?
The next step to building your website is to build a focused site. Using the patio furniture example above, a website could be devoted to patio furniture, teak patio furniture, wrought iron patio furniture, patio furniture care, patio furniture cushions, patio furniture accessories etc…The more focused your website, the easier it is to meet your customer’s needs and to make a profit. If you instead try to meet everyone’s needs then you’ll spread yourself too thin and not meet anyone’s needs. This is particularly important because the more you specialize and focus your site, the more you’ll be seen as an expert and the results will be profits.
The key to any successful website is to fill it with useful content. Content achieves many things including:
Driving traffic
Encouraging return traffic
Improving your search engine rankings
Offering benefits to your visitors
Selling your product
Establishing your credibility
Generating press
Marketing
The types of content you can create for your website is virtually boundless. You can create articles, reviews, blog postings, ebooks, videos, audios, tutorials, guidebooks, workbooks, online courses, case studies, reports, ezines, etc…
The key to your content and to driving traffic to your website is to optimize your pages. Optimization will include adding title tags and description tags to your web pages. It will also include incorporating your keywords into your online content. Search engine spiders search for this information. As they find it, they use it to establish where you rank when a person searches for your keywords, products, or services.
Step 3. Traffic. The best way to drive the profits of an online business is to drive traffic to your website. Driving traffic in web-speak means getting visitors to visit your website. Here are just a few of the ways you can drive traffic and build your business:
Content. Content as stated in step 2, is a critical element of your copy. One of the hurdles many business owners face is dealing with the time it takes to create copy. This can be overcome by hiring a writer to handle the task. However, it is generally beneficial to include your personal touch to your business and writing some, or all, of your own copy is an excellent way to accomplish this. Back to traffic…how does content increase your traffic? The simplest answer is that the search engines really like to see content on your sites and the more frequently you update your site and add content, the better your search engine ranking will be. As your search engine ranking increases, so too will your visibility and the number of visitors. If you offer quality content, new visitors will become loyal visitors and customers.
Advertising. Pay per click campaigns are a good way to drive targeted traffic to your website. However, online you can also advertise in ezines, blogs, and other people’s websites. Offline you can advertise in your yellow pages, flyers, chamber of commerce and more.
SEO. Search engine optimization has three basic elements: optimizing your web pages for keywords or keyword phrases, optimizing your content for keywords and keyword phrases and generating incoming links. There are of course several methods for each of these three elements. The main ingredients for all three are your keywords. Spend time generating, and testing, quality keywords and the rest will fall into place.
Networking, offline and online. Networking is worth its weight in gold. Meet and connect with the right person and your company’s profits could sky rocket. Networking can be accomplished online with networking groups, mastermind groups, forums, chat rooms and blogs. Offline, networking with your local business organizations and associations that are relevant to your business will prove invaluable.
Email and direct marketing campaigns. Marketing campaigns can be excellent tools to not only promote a product but to also promote awareness of your company’s products and drive traffic to your website.
There are many important steps along the way to selling products online and when you understand the steps involved, your job becomes a lot easier and your profits are only a few steps away.
Online businesses continue to grow. Every day, new merchant start-ups are added to the World Wide Web and successful businesses expand. The internet has literally changed the face of doing business. If you’re interested in joining the ranks of individuals who are making money online, here are the three basic steps you’ll need to take to get started.
Step. 1. Choose your product. In the world of online sales, there are a number of options for you to choose from.
Sell a product. If you’ve ever been interested in retail but are not interested in opening up a brick and mortar type store this business is for you! You actually have two ways to go when you sell products you can sell products that you’ve made like candles, jewelry, Santa letters, costumes, pet treats etc., you can find companies that dropship, or you can become a direct sales consultant.
Direct sales consultants are essentially independent sales people for other companies. They’re self employed and generally market their business online and via home based parties. Common direct sales companies include Avon, Shacklee, and Discovery Toys. These are only a few of the hundreds of direct sales opportunities available
Dropshipping means the manufacturer or wholesaler will ship the product directly to your customers upon ordering. Again, the sky is the limit here, you can find just about any type of product you’re passionate about and start selling. For example, are you crazy about cooking, there are certainly wholesale companies that cater to the culinary industry.
Selling information. Information marketing is growing by leaps and bounds. It encompasses selling books, online courses, audio books or courses – anything that can be downloaded online can be sold. You can build an information marketing empire around your specific and unique knowledge or a topic that you are interested in. If the idea of creating your own information products is not to your liking, consider purchasing resale rights to books that other people have written or find a ghostwriter to have your products written for you.
Information website. The last type of business that you can open is an information based website. You can develop an entire website devoted to your specialized knowledge or area of interest. Information websites make money selling advertising space and promoting affiliate products. . You can also make good money as an affiliate marketer. This means that if your passion is helping people cope with food allergies and you have favorite food products, cookbooks, and information on the subject you can partner with the manufacturers of these companies to make a commission from any sales you send their way.
Step 2. Build your website. Building your website is a very important step. In fact it is critical. The good news is that it isn’t irreversible. If you choose a keyword that doesn’t sell, you can change your keywords. The first thing you will want to do, once you’ve determined what type of online business you’re going to open is determine your target audience. Here are a few questions to ask.
How old are they?
How much do they make?
Male or female?
Do they have children?
Are they married or single?
What are their problems as they relate to your product? For example if you’re selling patio furniture, what solutions are you providing?
How do they normally shop?
Where do they live?
The next step to building your website is to build a focused site. Using the patio furniture example above, a website could be devoted to patio furniture, teak patio furniture, wrought iron patio furniture, patio furniture care, patio furniture cushions, patio furniture accessories etc…The more focused your website, the easier it is to meet your customer’s needs and to make a profit. If you instead try to meet everyone’s needs then you’ll spread yourself too thin and not meet anyone’s needs. This is particularly important because the more you specialize and focus your site, the more you’ll be seen as an expert and the results will be profits.
The key to any successful website is to fill it with useful content. Content achieves many things including:
Driving traffic
Encouraging return traffic
Improving your search engine rankings
Offering benefits to your visitors
Selling your product
Establishing your credibility
Generating press
Marketing
The types of content you can create for your website is virtually boundless. You can create articles, reviews, blog postings, ebooks, videos, audios, tutorials, guidebooks, workbooks, online courses, case studies, reports, ezines, etc…
The key to your content and to driving traffic to your website is to optimize your pages. Optimization will include adding title tags and description tags to your web pages. It will also include incorporating your keywords into your online content. Search engine spiders search for this information. As they find it, they use it to establish where you rank when a person searches for your keywords, products, or services.
Step 3. Traffic. The best way to drive the profits of an online business is to drive traffic to your website. Driving traffic in web-speak means getting visitors to visit your website. Here are just a few of the ways you can drive traffic and build your business:
Content. Content as stated in step 2, is a critical element of your copy. One of the hurdles many business owners face is dealing with the time it takes to create copy. This can be overcome by hiring a writer to handle the task. However, it is generally beneficial to include your personal touch to your business and writing some, or all, of your own copy is an excellent way to accomplish this. Back to traffic…how does content increase your traffic? The simplest answer is that the search engines really like to see content on your sites and the more frequently you update your site and add content, the better your search engine ranking will be. As your search engine ranking increases, so too will your visibility and the number of visitors. If you offer quality content, new visitors will become loyal visitors and customers.
Advertising. Pay per click campaigns are a good way to drive targeted traffic to your website. However, online you can also advertise in ezines, blogs, and other people’s websites. Offline you can advertise in your yellow pages, flyers, chamber of commerce and more.
SEO. Search engine optimization has three basic elements: optimizing your web pages for keywords or keyword phrases, optimizing your content for keywords and keyword phrases and generating incoming links. There are of course several methods for each of these three elements. The main ingredients for all three are your keywords. Spend time generating, and testing, quality keywords and the rest will fall into place.
Networking, offline and online. Networking is worth its weight in gold. Meet and connect with the right person and your company’s profits could sky rocket. Networking can be accomplished online with networking groups, mastermind groups, forums, chat rooms and blogs. Offline, networking with your local business organizations and associations that are relevant to your business will prove invaluable.
Email and direct marketing campaigns. Marketing campaigns can be excellent tools to not only promote a product but to also promote awareness of your company’s products and drive traffic to your website.
There are many important steps along the way to selling products online and when you understand the steps involved, your job becomes a lot easier and your profits are only a few steps away.
Thursday, November 15, 2007
Tuesday, November 13, 2007
Decision making
How Good Are Your Decisions?
So many of us are waking up to our responsibility to Lead Without Title (regardless of our role or station in life.) And brilliant leaders consistently make good decisions. Yet, decision-making is difficult. We never have enough information or time. And the options seem endless. So what do world-class leaders know about decision-making?
You Won't Please Everyone - Basing your decisions on how people will respond is a recipe for disaster. Yes, it is critical to get input. Yes, your stakeholders are important. However, any decision of importance will bother some people. They may lose resources, status or question your abilities. However, you have to focus on whether the choice is right for your organization or business unit first.
Not Choosing is a Choice - Not deciding is a decision. In some cases it may be the right choice. If the issue is not important or you know that you will get more information later then it's a good idea to wait. However, when you don't make a decision you usually avoid taking action. And only action leads to results.
You Probably Won't Get Enough Information - There will always be things you don't know when making a decision. Avoid "analysis paralysis" by setting a deadline for the decision and identifying the information you don't have.
Who Fails Faster Wins - When decisions turn out to be wrong (and some always will) the best leaders learn quickly and keep deciding. Have the discipline to examine your assumptions and find the error in your thinking or execution. See your failures as learning opportunities. And then move on.
Decision Making is a Skill - The only way to get better at decision-making is to learn from every decision. Look in your journal or schedule - look at the decisions you made last year and take the time to reflect. Was your decision well thought out? Was it action oriented? Were your assumptions correct? Only by asking yourself "how can I make this better?" can you master this critical skill.
So many of us are waking up to our responsibility to Lead Without Title (regardless of our role or station in life.) And brilliant leaders consistently make good decisions. Yet, decision-making is difficult. We never have enough information or time. And the options seem endless. So what do world-class leaders know about decision-making?
You Won't Please Everyone - Basing your decisions on how people will respond is a recipe for disaster. Yes, it is critical to get input. Yes, your stakeholders are important. However, any decision of importance will bother some people. They may lose resources, status or question your abilities. However, you have to focus on whether the choice is right for your organization or business unit first.
Not Choosing is a Choice - Not deciding is a decision. In some cases it may be the right choice. If the issue is not important or you know that you will get more information later then it's a good idea to wait. However, when you don't make a decision you usually avoid taking action. And only action leads to results.
You Probably Won't Get Enough Information - There will always be things you don't know when making a decision. Avoid "analysis paralysis" by setting a deadline for the decision and identifying the information you don't have.
Who Fails Faster Wins - When decisions turn out to be wrong (and some always will) the best leaders learn quickly and keep deciding. Have the discipline to examine your assumptions and find the error in your thinking or execution. See your failures as learning opportunities. And then move on.
Decision Making is a Skill - The only way to get better at decision-making is to learn from every decision. Look in your journal or schedule - look at the decisions you made last year and take the time to reflect. Was your decision well thought out? Was it action oriented? Were your assumptions correct? Only by asking yourself "how can I make this better?" can you master this critical skill.
Tuesday, November 6, 2007
Monday, October 29, 2007
Dear Friends
Please leave me a line or two about my blog. I would like to know what you'd rather read apart from what has been posted in my blog. I would appreciate it if you could do the above. Thanks
Saturday, October 27, 2007
Development of Will Power is Everybody's Business
Everyone should develop Will Power. Whether you're the top executive of a company or a clerk; a student or a professor; man or woman; child or adult doesn't matter. You need to develop your Will Power.
Thus self-development is everybody's business. Whether we know or not, we are expressing ourselves through all our deeds/activities and thoughts. You cannot separate it from your activities.
Today self-development has increased in importance because of the following main reasons:
the competition has increased and one requires to use his full potentialities to survive
one needs his unique specialties to keep an advantage or for competence
one requires to handle more stressful conditions due to very fast and drastic changes.
So your survival, competence and happiness depends upon the level of your self-development.
"It is better to conquer yourself than to win a thousand battles. Then the victory is yours. It cannot be taken from you, not by angels or by demons, heaven or hell."
- The Buddha, 568-488 BC
Will Power - The First Step to Achievement
"You must have faith in yourself and in your powers. This faith is developed by overcoming obstacles cultivating 'will power', 'exercising' your will. You must learn to overcome the sordid heritage of olden days in yourself and outside you. Even a trifling victory over yourself makes you much stronger." Maxim Gorky
Importance Of Will POWER
Will power is that makes all and every endeavor one undertakes an instant success. The mind that is weak or fluctuating cannot reach the goal at all. So it is important that all of us who want to be successful in our respective fields should strengthen our will power. Again, if one does not have a strong will power, others who understand this would try to exploit it to their own advantage. Those who do not have a good will power fall prey to drugs, alcohol, terrorism etc because of the influence of those who have greater will power. In short, will power is not only important for making one a success but to maintain one's character and integrity as well. Strong will power is required to keep oneself away from illegal/unethical activities or to respond against such activities. Thus it is necessary that all of us should improve our will power.
Note: You should not mistake obstinacy for will power. Will power is a manifestation of your integrity and self-development whereas obstinacy is a manifestation of your weakness.
How To Develop Your Will
All will power is not conscious. In other words, will power is both conscious and unconscious. We can improve conscious will power easily. To develop your will power, you should develop those skills and attitudes that are conducive to the development of will and at the same time remove those blockages and negative parameters that hinder the development of your will.
Believe You Can
If you believe you can, you can.
So believe you can do what you want. Believe you can achieve what you want. Believe you can become a successful person.
YES! You are actually a successful person. What is needed to make it a reality is to believe in yourself and work for it. So tell yourself that you can achieve what you want, can do what you want, and can become immensely successful.
Believe in yourself.
Believe in your ability to become a successful and happy.
Auto Suggestion
The power of Auto Suggestion is tremendous. All of us use it knowingly or unknowingly. If you can use it knowingly, you can work wonders.
By suggesting to yourself that you can achieve what you want you really can achieve that.
Here are some statements you can suggest to yourself :
I can do this and I will do this.
I am OK and I will stay OK
I will become successful
I deserve success and happiness
I am worthy and useful
You can find out similar positive statements and say it to yourself.
Just create a list like the one given above and in your bed room in front of the mirror, tell this to yourself in a confident tone. And believe what you say.
HOW TO OVERCOME YOUR FEARS
There are two steps in overcoming fears. First step is to understand the nature and characteristics of fear in general and your own fears in particular. Fear is of course a state of mind, but it is also an instinct. So, to some extend, we need fear for our own existence. When your fear crosses that limit, you become ineffective and inefficient.
The second step is to encounter your fears. Paradoxically, the most practical method to overcome your fears is to actually encounter with what you fear. This is again done in two steps - encountering the fear situation mentally (i.e, in imagination) and encountering it in real life situation.
Once such an encounter is made safely, you automatically begin to transfer the effect to at least some similar fears.
HOW TO OVERCOME YOUR LAZINESS
Actually you are not lazy at all. You know that you have been very enthusiastic about at least one or two things. Say, in watching films or Cricket match, Collecting stamps, reading books you like and so on. So actually no one is lazy(provided one has got psychotic disorder).
The main reasons for laziness are:
You are not interested in the work or the work is boring
The work is not well defined or meaningful to you
The outcome of the work or the benefits that it may bring to you are not so clear to you
You are a perfectionist or you fear criticism by others on your work.
Some tips to overcome laziness:
Love your work.
Take interest in your work. This is actually a difficult task to many.
But it is actually easy
Thus self-development is everybody's business. Whether we know or not, we are expressing ourselves through all our deeds/activities and thoughts. You cannot separate it from your activities.
Today self-development has increased in importance because of the following main reasons:
the competition has increased and one requires to use his full potentialities to survive
one needs his unique specialties to keep an advantage or for competence
one requires to handle more stressful conditions due to very fast and drastic changes.
So your survival, competence and happiness depends upon the level of your self-development.
"It is better to conquer yourself than to win a thousand battles. Then the victory is yours. It cannot be taken from you, not by angels or by demons, heaven or hell."
- The Buddha, 568-488 BC
Will Power - The First Step to Achievement
"You must have faith in yourself and in your powers. This faith is developed by overcoming obstacles cultivating 'will power', 'exercising' your will. You must learn to overcome the sordid heritage of olden days in yourself and outside you. Even a trifling victory over yourself makes you much stronger." Maxim Gorky
Importance Of Will POWER
Will power is that makes all and every endeavor one undertakes an instant success. The mind that is weak or fluctuating cannot reach the goal at all. So it is important that all of us who want to be successful in our respective fields should strengthen our will power. Again, if one does not have a strong will power, others who understand this would try to exploit it to their own advantage. Those who do not have a good will power fall prey to drugs, alcohol, terrorism etc because of the influence of those who have greater will power. In short, will power is not only important for making one a success but to maintain one's character and integrity as well. Strong will power is required to keep oneself away from illegal/unethical activities or to respond against such activities. Thus it is necessary that all of us should improve our will power.
Note: You should not mistake obstinacy for will power. Will power is a manifestation of your integrity and self-development whereas obstinacy is a manifestation of your weakness.
How To Develop Your Will
All will power is not conscious. In other words, will power is both conscious and unconscious. We can improve conscious will power easily. To develop your will power, you should develop those skills and attitudes that are conducive to the development of will and at the same time remove those blockages and negative parameters that hinder the development of your will.
Believe You Can
If you believe you can, you can.
So believe you can do what you want. Believe you can achieve what you want. Believe you can become a successful person.
YES! You are actually a successful person. What is needed to make it a reality is to believe in yourself and work for it. So tell yourself that you can achieve what you want, can do what you want, and can become immensely successful.
Believe in yourself.
Believe in your ability to become a successful and happy.
Auto Suggestion
The power of Auto Suggestion is tremendous. All of us use it knowingly or unknowingly. If you can use it knowingly, you can work wonders.
By suggesting to yourself that you can achieve what you want you really can achieve that.
Here are some statements you can suggest to yourself :
I can do this and I will do this.
I am OK and I will stay OK
I will become successful
I deserve success and happiness
I am worthy and useful
You can find out similar positive statements and say it to yourself.
Just create a list like the one given above and in your bed room in front of the mirror, tell this to yourself in a confident tone. And believe what you say.
HOW TO OVERCOME YOUR FEARS
There are two steps in overcoming fears. First step is to understand the nature and characteristics of fear in general and your own fears in particular. Fear is of course a state of mind, but it is also an instinct. So, to some extend, we need fear for our own existence. When your fear crosses that limit, you become ineffective and inefficient.
The second step is to encounter your fears. Paradoxically, the most practical method to overcome your fears is to actually encounter with what you fear. This is again done in two steps - encountering the fear situation mentally (i.e, in imagination) and encountering it in real life situation.
Once such an encounter is made safely, you automatically begin to transfer the effect to at least some similar fears.
HOW TO OVERCOME YOUR LAZINESS
Actually you are not lazy at all. You know that you have been very enthusiastic about at least one or two things. Say, in watching films or Cricket match, Collecting stamps, reading books you like and so on. So actually no one is lazy(provided one has got psychotic disorder).
The main reasons for laziness are:
You are not interested in the work or the work is boring
The work is not well defined or meaningful to you
The outcome of the work or the benefits that it may bring to you are not so clear to you
You are a perfectionist or you fear criticism by others on your work.
Some tips to overcome laziness:
Love your work.
Take interest in your work. This is actually a difficult task to many.
But it is actually easy
Develop Willpower
He who lives without discipline dies without honor
If we are to be the master of our destiny, we need self-discipline, self-control, willpower, or self-mastery. Although it's known by many names, I'll call it WILLPOWER in most of this article. We are born to rule or be ruled. If we do not rule ourselves, we will be ruled by our emotions, bad habits, or others. All the other creatures we share the planet with act as they were programmed to. Only man has the potential to act as he wills. Although we have that potential, many of us fail to live up to it. We can be heard to sigh, "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak."
However, not everyone wants to improve. Some people say life is short, so they want to be free to do whatever they please, free to smoke pot, free to party every night, free to hang out until the wee hours of the morning, free to chase after sex. Did they say free? Since when is enslavement to bad habits freedom? How can you achieve freedom if you fail to follow your highest aspirations? Only if you conscientiously apply willpower can you reach your dreams. So, he who lives without discipline dies without honor. When we gain honor it remains with us forever, but when we chase after passing fancies, they fade away, leaving us diminished, leaving us less than what we could have been.
All right, so we agree willpower is necessary, but how do we strengthen it? It's like a muscle: use it or lose it. The more you use it, the stronger it becomes. Start with baby steps (for a hilarious example of self-improvement by taking baby steps, be sure to rent the video What About Bob with Bill Murray). During each day we make countless choices. We choose between doing the right thing or succumbing to temptation. We choose between the easy way and the better, but more difficult way. Be aware of your choices, and no matter how small the decision, do the right or better thing. Each time you do so, you strengthen your will.
You can also deliberately do what you'd rather not. For example, when I was about 12 years old, I discovered I didn't like butter pecan ice-cream. So every time I had ice-cream, I purposely ordered that flavor, just to strengthen my will. Even silly, trifling actions, such as one's choice of ice-cream can become an exercise in willpower. Practice doing the right, better, or hard thing every day and self-control will become habitual. Eventually, you'll be using willpower without thinking about it. Today, baby steps, tomorrow, self-mastery!
Suppose I were to place a 15-foot long by 2-foot wide plank, 6 inches above the ground and offer you $500 to walk across it, would you do so? Sure, why not? You'd certainly have the willpower to do so. But what if the plank were at a construction site and ten stories high? Would you walk across it on a windless day for one million dollars? If not, what happened to your willpower? Well, it was overwhelmed by your imagination. You imagined that you may fall and get killed! If there is a conflict between imagination and willpower, imagination always wins. So, if you're stuck, you're going to have to change the images you imagine. In this case, tell a construction worker that if he teaches you how to walk the plank without fear, you'll pay him $10,000. Do this and you both will have a lot of motivation and the will to succeed. So, if you do get stuck because of an overactive imagination, think things through and look for a solution.
Another hurdle for willpower to overcome is the extra effort that is needed when doing something unpleasant. This can be overcome by focusing on the long-term benefits instead of the short-term discomfort. For example, I love going to the airport. The reason for this is that I do not focus on driving in the rush hour, parking at Park-and-Fly, waiting in the check-in line, waiting for my flight, waiting to board, waiting to arrive, and waiting to get off. Instead, I focus on the pleasure and excitement that awaits me at my destination. Don't you do the same when you are waiting in line at a concert, theatre, or amusement park ride? Instead of complaining, you're probably cheerfully chatting with a friend as you look forward to the pleasure you will experience. Treat every unpleasant task the same way. Anticipate the future pleasure!
We know what is best for us. We know what we should do, but it's not what we know, but what we DO that counts. "What a person wills," writes Robert Lindner, "and not what they know determines their worth or unworth, power or impotence, happiness or unhappiness." Well, now that we know a little more, let's DO a little more; let's DO what's right, what's better, and what's more difficult!
If we are to be the master of our destiny, we need self-discipline, self-control, willpower, or self-mastery. Although it's known by many names, I'll call it WILLPOWER in most of this article. We are born to rule or be ruled. If we do not rule ourselves, we will be ruled by our emotions, bad habits, or others. All the other creatures we share the planet with act as they were programmed to. Only man has the potential to act as he wills. Although we have that potential, many of us fail to live up to it. We can be heard to sigh, "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak."
However, not everyone wants to improve. Some people say life is short, so they want to be free to do whatever they please, free to smoke pot, free to party every night, free to hang out until the wee hours of the morning, free to chase after sex. Did they say free? Since when is enslavement to bad habits freedom? How can you achieve freedom if you fail to follow your highest aspirations? Only if you conscientiously apply willpower can you reach your dreams. So, he who lives without discipline dies without honor. When we gain honor it remains with us forever, but when we chase after passing fancies, they fade away, leaving us diminished, leaving us less than what we could have been.
All right, so we agree willpower is necessary, but how do we strengthen it? It's like a muscle: use it or lose it. The more you use it, the stronger it becomes. Start with baby steps (for a hilarious example of self-improvement by taking baby steps, be sure to rent the video What About Bob with Bill Murray). During each day we make countless choices. We choose between doing the right thing or succumbing to temptation. We choose between the easy way and the better, but more difficult way. Be aware of your choices, and no matter how small the decision, do the right or better thing. Each time you do so, you strengthen your will.
You can also deliberately do what you'd rather not. For example, when I was about 12 years old, I discovered I didn't like butter pecan ice-cream. So every time I had ice-cream, I purposely ordered that flavor, just to strengthen my will. Even silly, trifling actions, such as one's choice of ice-cream can become an exercise in willpower. Practice doing the right, better, or hard thing every day and self-control will become habitual. Eventually, you'll be using willpower without thinking about it. Today, baby steps, tomorrow, self-mastery!
Suppose I were to place a 15-foot long by 2-foot wide plank, 6 inches above the ground and offer you $500 to walk across it, would you do so? Sure, why not? You'd certainly have the willpower to do so. But what if the plank were at a construction site and ten stories high? Would you walk across it on a windless day for one million dollars? If not, what happened to your willpower? Well, it was overwhelmed by your imagination. You imagined that you may fall and get killed! If there is a conflict between imagination and willpower, imagination always wins. So, if you're stuck, you're going to have to change the images you imagine. In this case, tell a construction worker that if he teaches you how to walk the plank without fear, you'll pay him $10,000. Do this and you both will have a lot of motivation and the will to succeed. So, if you do get stuck because of an overactive imagination, think things through and look for a solution.
Another hurdle for willpower to overcome is the extra effort that is needed when doing something unpleasant. This can be overcome by focusing on the long-term benefits instead of the short-term discomfort. For example, I love going to the airport. The reason for this is that I do not focus on driving in the rush hour, parking at Park-and-Fly, waiting in the check-in line, waiting for my flight, waiting to board, waiting to arrive, and waiting to get off. Instead, I focus on the pleasure and excitement that awaits me at my destination. Don't you do the same when you are waiting in line at a concert, theatre, or amusement park ride? Instead of complaining, you're probably cheerfully chatting with a friend as you look forward to the pleasure you will experience. Treat every unpleasant task the same way. Anticipate the future pleasure!
We know what is best for us. We know what we should do, but it's not what we know, but what we DO that counts. "What a person wills," writes Robert Lindner, "and not what they know determines their worth or unworth, power or impotence, happiness or unhappiness." Well, now that we know a little more, let's DO a little more; let's DO what's right, what's better, and what's more difficult!
Friday, October 26, 2007
Try these tips to cultivate a lifetime reading habit:
Set times. You should have a few set times during every day when you’ll read for at least 5-10 minutes. These are times that you will read no matter what — triggers that happen each day. For example, make it a habit to read during breakfast and lunch (and even dinner if you eat alone). And if you also read every time you’re sitting on the can, and when you go to bed, you now have four times a day when you read for 10 minutes each — or 40 minutes a day. That’s a great start, and by itself would be an excellent daily reading habit. But there’s more you can do.
Always carry a book. Wherever you go, take a book with you. When I leave the house, I always make sure to have my drivers license, my keys and my book, at a minimum. The book stays with me in the car, and I take it into the office and to appointments and pretty much everywhere I go, unless I know I definitely won’t be reading (like at a movie). If there is a time when you have to wait (like at a doctor’s office or at the DMV), whip out your book and read. Great way to pass the time.
Make a list. Keep a list of all the great books you want to read. You can keep this in your journal, in a pocket notebook, on your personal home page, on your personal wiki, wherever. Be sure to add to it whenever you hear about a good book, online or in person. Keep a running list, and cross out the ones you read. Tech trick: create a Gmail account for your book list, and email the address every time you hear about a good book. Now your inbox will be your reading list. When you’ve read a book, file it under “Done”. If you want, you can even reply to the message (to the same address) with notes about the book, and those will be in the same conversation thread, so now your Gmail account is your reading log too.
Find a quiet place. Find a place in your home where you can sit in a comfortable chair (don’t lay down unless you’re going to sleep) and curl up with a good book without interruptions. There should be no television or computer near the chair to minimize distractions, and no music or noisy family members/roommates. If you don’t have a place like this, create one.
Reduce television/Internet. If you really want to read more, try cutting back on TV or Internet consumption. This may be difficult for many people. Still, every minute you reduce of Internet/TV, you could use for reading. This could create hours of book reading time.
Read to your kid. If you have children, you must, must read to them. Creating the reading habit in your kids is the best way to ensure they’ll be readers when they grow up … and it will help them to be successful in life as well. Find some great children’s books, and read to them. At the same time, you’re developing the reading habit in yourself … and spending some quality time with your child as well.
Keep a log. Similar to the reading list, this log should have not only the title and author of the books you read, but the dates you start and finish them if possible. Even better, put a note next to each with your thoughts about the book. It is extremely satisfying to go back over the log after a couple of months to see all the great books you’ve read.
Go to used book shops. My favorite place to go is a discount book store where I drop off all my old books (I usually take a couple of boxes of books) and get a big discount on used books I find in the store. I typically spend only a couple of dollars for a dozen or more books, so although I read a lot, books aren’t a major expense. And it is very fun to browse through the new books people have donated. Make your trip to a used book store a regular thing.
Have a library day. Even cheaper than a used book shop is a library, of course. Make it a weekly trip.
Read fun and compelling books. Find books that really grip you and keep you going. Even if they aren’t literary masterpieces, they make you want to read — and that’s the goal here. After you have cultivated the reading habit, you can move on to more difficult stuff, but for now, go for the fun, gripping stuff. Stephen King, John Grisham, Tom Clancy, Robert Ludlum, Nora Roberts, Sue Grafton, Dan Brown … all those popular authors are popular for a reason — they tell great stories. Other stuff you might like: Vonnegut, William Gibson, Douglas Adams, Nick Hornby, Trevanian, Ann Patchett, Terry Pratchett, Terry McMillan, F. Scott Fitzgerald. All excellent storytellers.
Make it pleasurable. Make your reading time your favorite time of day. Have some good tea or coffee while you read, or another kind of treat. Get into a comfortable chair with a good blanket. Read during sunrise or sunset, or at the beach.
Blog it. One of the best ways to form a habit is to put it on your blog. If you don’t have one, create one. It’s free. Have your family go there and give you book suggestions and comment on the ones you’re reading. It keeps you accountable for your goals.
Set a high goal. Tell yourself that you want to read 50 books this year (or some other number like that). Then set about trying to accomplish it. Just be sure you’re still enjoying the reading though — don’t make it a rushed chore.
Have a reading hour or reading day. If you turn off the TV or Internet in the evening, you could have a set hour (perhaps just after dinner) when you and maybe all the members of your family read each night. Or you could do a reading day, when you (and again, your other family members if you can get them to join you) read for practically the whole day. It’s super fu
Always carry a book. Wherever you go, take a book with you. When I leave the house, I always make sure to have my drivers license, my keys and my book, at a minimum. The book stays with me in the car, and I take it into the office and to appointments and pretty much everywhere I go, unless I know I definitely won’t be reading (like at a movie). If there is a time when you have to wait (like at a doctor’s office or at the DMV), whip out your book and read. Great way to pass the time.
Make a list. Keep a list of all the great books you want to read. You can keep this in your journal, in a pocket notebook, on your personal home page, on your personal wiki, wherever. Be sure to add to it whenever you hear about a good book, online or in person. Keep a running list, and cross out the ones you read. Tech trick: create a Gmail account for your book list, and email the address every time you hear about a good book. Now your inbox will be your reading list. When you’ve read a book, file it under “Done”. If you want, you can even reply to the message (to the same address) with notes about the book, and those will be in the same conversation thread, so now your Gmail account is your reading log too.
Find a quiet place. Find a place in your home where you can sit in a comfortable chair (don’t lay down unless you’re going to sleep) and curl up with a good book without interruptions. There should be no television or computer near the chair to minimize distractions, and no music or noisy family members/roommates. If you don’t have a place like this, create one.
Reduce television/Internet. If you really want to read more, try cutting back on TV or Internet consumption. This may be difficult for many people. Still, every minute you reduce of Internet/TV, you could use for reading. This could create hours of book reading time.
Read to your kid. If you have children, you must, must read to them. Creating the reading habit in your kids is the best way to ensure they’ll be readers when they grow up … and it will help them to be successful in life as well. Find some great children’s books, and read to them. At the same time, you’re developing the reading habit in yourself … and spending some quality time with your child as well.
Keep a log. Similar to the reading list, this log should have not only the title and author of the books you read, but the dates you start and finish them if possible. Even better, put a note next to each with your thoughts about the book. It is extremely satisfying to go back over the log after a couple of months to see all the great books you’ve read.
Go to used book shops. My favorite place to go is a discount book store where I drop off all my old books (I usually take a couple of boxes of books) and get a big discount on used books I find in the store. I typically spend only a couple of dollars for a dozen or more books, so although I read a lot, books aren’t a major expense. And it is very fun to browse through the new books people have donated. Make your trip to a used book store a regular thing.
Have a library day. Even cheaper than a used book shop is a library, of course. Make it a weekly trip.
Read fun and compelling books. Find books that really grip you and keep you going. Even if they aren’t literary masterpieces, they make you want to read — and that’s the goal here. After you have cultivated the reading habit, you can move on to more difficult stuff, but for now, go for the fun, gripping stuff. Stephen King, John Grisham, Tom Clancy, Robert Ludlum, Nora Roberts, Sue Grafton, Dan Brown … all those popular authors are popular for a reason — they tell great stories. Other stuff you might like: Vonnegut, William Gibson, Douglas Adams, Nick Hornby, Trevanian, Ann Patchett, Terry Pratchett, Terry McMillan, F. Scott Fitzgerald. All excellent storytellers.
Make it pleasurable. Make your reading time your favorite time of day. Have some good tea or coffee while you read, or another kind of treat. Get into a comfortable chair with a good blanket. Read during sunrise or sunset, or at the beach.
Blog it. One of the best ways to form a habit is to put it on your blog. If you don’t have one, create one. It’s free. Have your family go there and give you book suggestions and comment on the ones you’re reading. It keeps you accountable for your goals.
Set a high goal. Tell yourself that you want to read 50 books this year (or some other number like that). Then set about trying to accomplish it. Just be sure you’re still enjoying the reading though — don’t make it a rushed chore.
Have a reading hour or reading day. If you turn off the TV or Internet in the evening, you could have a set hour (perhaps just after dinner) when you and maybe all the members of your family read each night. Or you could do a reading day, when you (and again, your other family members if you can get them to join you) read for practically the whole day. It’s super fu
DEAR(Drop everything and read)
Looking at the other end of the spectrum, research shows that if you read ten books a year, you are in the top few percent of all people as readers. Simply stated, it doesn’t take much to be well read, but we do need to know how to get started. The following are ten suggestions to help you strengthen your reading habit – ways to find and make more time for reading.
1. Always have a book around. Don’t go anywhere without reading material. Keep magazines or short stories in your bathroom. Always have something in your briefcase to read. Keep a book(s) by your bed. Having things available makes it easier for you to steal otherwise lost moments.
2. Set a reading goal. Determine how much time you want to spend reading, or how many books you want to read over time. Your goal might be a book a month, one per week, or it might be to read 30 minutes a day. Start out with something attainable but still a stretch. As your habit builds, you might set higher goals. Setting a goal is the first step towards reading more.
3. Keep a log. Keep a list of the books you have read, or keep track of how much time you read each day. You might keep these lists in your journal or your day planner. My son’s log is on our refrigerator. My list and log are kept on my computer. It doesn’t matter where you keep it, just do it.
4. Keep a list. Make a list of things you want to read in the future. Ask your friends and colleagues what they are reading. Watch for recommendations in the newspaper and magazines. Once you start looking for good books, you’ll find them everywhere. This is a great way to keep your enthusiasm up. By knowing what great stuff you want to read, you will reinforce your reading habit.
5. Turn off the television. Many people say they just don’t have enough time. Television is one of our major time consumers. Make your television watching more conscious and less habitual. There is nothing wrong with watching television shows you really enjoy. Where the time gets lost is turning it on, and scanning to find “something to watch.” Those are the times to turn it off and pick up your book!
6. Listen when you can’t read. Use your commute and other time spent in the car to listen! There are great audio versions of all sorts of books. Whether you want to “read” fiction, the latest self-help or diet book, it is probably available on tape. Don’t get locked into the idea that you have to read it – listening to the book still gives you the experience, ideas, and imagination that reading a book can.
7. Join a reading group or book club. Reading groups typically meet once a month to discuss a book they have all decided to read. Committing to the group provides a bit more impetus to finish the book, and gives you a great forum for discussion and socialization around the book’s themes.
8. Visit the library or bookstore often. You have your list, right? So you’ll have some ideas of what you are looking for when you walk in. But there is more to be gained by walking through places where books reside than just to make a transaction. Take time to browse! Let your eyes find things of interest. Let serendipity happen. Browsing will feed your mental need to read, and give you plenty of new things to read.
9. Build your own strategy. Decide when reading fits your schedule. Some people read first thing in the morning, some before bed. Some decide to read as they eat their lunch. And there is more to your strategy than just timing. Make your own decisions about reading. It is ok to be reading more than one book at once. It is ok to stop reading something before you finish if it isn’t holding your interest. It is ok to skim the book, getting what you want or need, without reading every page. Determine what works best for you, develop your own beliefs and ideas—then make them work for you.
10. Drop Everything and Read. My son’s fourth grade class has DEAR (Drop Everything and Read) time. When the teacher calls for it, that’s just what they do. They read now. That is my last piece of advice for you. Do it. Just get started. Make it DEAR time. Now.
1. Always have a book around. Don’t go anywhere without reading material. Keep magazines or short stories in your bathroom. Always have something in your briefcase to read. Keep a book(s) by your bed. Having things available makes it easier for you to steal otherwise lost moments.
2. Set a reading goal. Determine how much time you want to spend reading, or how many books you want to read over time. Your goal might be a book a month, one per week, or it might be to read 30 minutes a day. Start out with something attainable but still a stretch. As your habit builds, you might set higher goals. Setting a goal is the first step towards reading more.
3. Keep a log. Keep a list of the books you have read, or keep track of how much time you read each day. You might keep these lists in your journal or your day planner. My son’s log is on our refrigerator. My list and log are kept on my computer. It doesn’t matter where you keep it, just do it.
4. Keep a list. Make a list of things you want to read in the future. Ask your friends and colleagues what they are reading. Watch for recommendations in the newspaper and magazines. Once you start looking for good books, you’ll find them everywhere. This is a great way to keep your enthusiasm up. By knowing what great stuff you want to read, you will reinforce your reading habit.
5. Turn off the television. Many people say they just don’t have enough time. Television is one of our major time consumers. Make your television watching more conscious and less habitual. There is nothing wrong with watching television shows you really enjoy. Where the time gets lost is turning it on, and scanning to find “something to watch.” Those are the times to turn it off and pick up your book!
6. Listen when you can’t read. Use your commute and other time spent in the car to listen! There are great audio versions of all sorts of books. Whether you want to “read” fiction, the latest self-help or diet book, it is probably available on tape. Don’t get locked into the idea that you have to read it – listening to the book still gives you the experience, ideas, and imagination that reading a book can.
7. Join a reading group or book club. Reading groups typically meet once a month to discuss a book they have all decided to read. Committing to the group provides a bit more impetus to finish the book, and gives you a great forum for discussion and socialization around the book’s themes.
8. Visit the library or bookstore often. You have your list, right? So you’ll have some ideas of what you are looking for when you walk in. But there is more to be gained by walking through places where books reside than just to make a transaction. Take time to browse! Let your eyes find things of interest. Let serendipity happen. Browsing will feed your mental need to read, and give you plenty of new things to read.
9. Build your own strategy. Decide when reading fits your schedule. Some people read first thing in the morning, some before bed. Some decide to read as they eat their lunch. And there is more to your strategy than just timing. Make your own decisions about reading. It is ok to be reading more than one book at once. It is ok to stop reading something before you finish if it isn’t holding your interest. It is ok to skim the book, getting what you want or need, without reading every page. Determine what works best for you, develop your own beliefs and ideas—then make them work for you.
10. Drop Everything and Read. My son’s fourth grade class has DEAR (Drop Everything and Read) time. When the teacher calls for it, that’s just what they do. They read now. That is my last piece of advice for you. Do it. Just get started. Make it DEAR time. Now.
Wednesday, October 24, 2007
15000 tears i cry
When you wanted me to drop you to college- i was there.
When you wanted me to drop you to the music class- i was there.
When you needed to go to iisc- i was there
When you wanted me to drop you during exams and stay there till you finished it- i was there.
When you wanted someone to pick you up from office- i was there
When you wanted someone to pick you up from Hebbal everytime- i was there
When you wanted a shoulder to cry on- i was there.
When you wanted to live alone- i took the pains to find a place
When you wanted me to drop every single place u wanted me to- i was there.
I took you back even when you proposed Anirudh even though you were in a relationship with me.
I did all this and the best possible thing you could do to me- was to ditch me.
When you wanted me to drop you to the music class- i was there.
When you needed to go to iisc- i was there
When you wanted me to drop you during exams and stay there till you finished it- i was there.
When you wanted someone to pick you up from office- i was there
When you wanted someone to pick you up from Hebbal everytime- i was there
When you wanted a shoulder to cry on- i was there.
When you wanted to live alone- i took the pains to find a place
When you wanted me to drop every single place u wanted me to- i was there.
I took you back even when you proposed Anirudh even though you were in a relationship with me.
I did all this and the best possible thing you could do to me- was to ditch me.
Unconditional Love- Idai Puriyammal Siladughal alayudhunge!
Unconditional love is a concept that means showing love towards someone regardless of his or her actions or beliefs. It is a concept comparable to true love, a term which is more frequently used to describe love between lovers. By contrast unconditional love is frequently used to describe love between family members, comrades in arms and between others in highly committed relationships. It has also been used in a religious context to describe God's love for mankind.
Some secular authors make a distinction between unconditional love and conditional love. In conditional love: love is 'earned' on the basis of conscious or unconscious conditions being met by the lover, whereas in unconditional love, love is 'given freely' to the loved one 'no matter what'. Conditional love requires some kind of finite exchange whereas unconditional love is seen as infinite and measureless. Unconditional love should not be mistaken with unconditional dedication: unconditional dedication refers to an act of the will irrespective of feelings (e.g a person may consider they have a duty to stay with a person); unconditional love is an act of the feelings irrespective of will.
Harold W. Becker, author and founder of The Love Foundation, Inc., defines Unconditional Love as "an unlimited way of being." From his book of the same title, Becker goes on to say that "the greatest power known to man is that of unconditional love. Through the ages, mystics, sages, singers and poets all expressed the ballad and call to love. As humans, we searched endlessly for the experience of love through the outer senses. Great civilizations have come and gone under the guise of love for their people. Religions have flourished and perished while claiming the true path to love. We, the people of this planet, may have missed the simplicity of unconditional love. ...Simply stated, unconditional love is an unlimited way of being. We are without any limit to our thoughts and feelings in life and can create any reality we choose to focus our attention upon. The qualities of love are endless and the expressions are infinite. The power of unconditional love is within each of us."
Some secular authors make a distinction between unconditional love and conditional love. In conditional love: love is 'earned' on the basis of conscious or unconscious conditions being met by the lover, whereas in unconditional love, love is 'given freely' to the loved one 'no matter what'. Conditional love requires some kind of finite exchange whereas unconditional love is seen as infinite and measureless. Unconditional love should not be mistaken with unconditional dedication: unconditional dedication refers to an act of the will irrespective of feelings (e.g a person may consider they have a duty to stay with a person); unconditional love is an act of the feelings irrespective of will.
Harold W. Becker, author and founder of The Love Foundation, Inc., defines Unconditional Love as "an unlimited way of being." From his book of the same title, Becker goes on to say that "the greatest power known to man is that of unconditional love. Through the ages, mystics, sages, singers and poets all expressed the ballad and call to love. As humans, we searched endlessly for the experience of love through the outer senses. Great civilizations have come and gone under the guise of love for their people. Religions have flourished and perished while claiming the true path to love. We, the people of this planet, may have missed the simplicity of unconditional love. ...Simply stated, unconditional love is an unlimited way of being. We are without any limit to our thoughts and feelings in life and can create any reality we choose to focus our attention upon. The qualities of love are endless and the expressions are infinite. The power of unconditional love is within each of us."
Pillow talk
Pillow talk is the relaxed, intimate conversation that often occurs between two sexual partners after the act of lovemaking, usually accompanied by cuddling, caresses, and other physical intimacy. It is associated with sexual afterglow and is distinguished from dirty talk which usually forms part of foreplay.
The content of pillow talk typically includes the sexual act itself, expressions of affection and appreciation, playful humor, casual anecdotes, and stories from childhood. A couple's pillow talk session is often used as a plot device in works of fiction and drama, such as movies and television. It offers a convienient setting for a couple to discuss relevant plot events or reveal new information to each other.
The content of pillow talk typically includes the sexual act itself, expressions of affection and appreciation, playful humor, casual anecdotes, and stories from childhood. A couple's pillow talk session is often used as a plot device in works of fiction and drama, such as movies and television. It offers a convienient setting for a couple to discuss relevant plot events or reveal new information to each other.
Platonic love
Platonic love in its modern popular sense is a non-sexual affectionate relationship, especially in cases where one might easily assume otherwise. A simple example of platonic relationships is a deep, non-sexual (i.e. overtly romantic) friendship, not subject to gender pairings and not excluding close relatives.
At the same time, this interpretation is a misunderstanding of the nature of the Platonic ideal of love, which from its origin was that of a chaste but passionate love, based not on lack of interest but on spiritual transmutation of the sex force, opening up vast expanses of subtler enjoyments than sex. In its original Platonic form, this love was meant to bring the lovers closer to wisdom and the Platonic Form of Beauty. It is described in depth in Plato's Phaedrus and Symposium. In the Phaedrus, it is said to be a form of divine madness that is a gift from the gods, and that its proper expression is rewarded by the gods in the afterlife; in the Symposium, the method by which love takes one to the form of beauty and wisdom is detailed.
At the same time, this interpretation is a misunderstanding of the nature of the Platonic ideal of love, which from its origin was that of a chaste but passionate love, based not on lack of interest but on spiritual transmutation of the sex force, opening up vast expanses of subtler enjoyments than sex. In its original Platonic form, this love was meant to bring the lovers closer to wisdom and the Platonic Form of Beauty. It is described in depth in Plato's Phaedrus and Symposium. In the Phaedrus, it is said to be a form of divine madness that is a gift from the gods, and that its proper expression is rewarded by the gods in the afterlife; in the Symposium, the method by which love takes one to the form of beauty and wisdom is detailed.
Forms of nonmonogamy
Nonmonogamy is a blanket term covering several different types of interpersonal relationship in which some or all participants have multiple marital, sexual, and/or romantic partners. This can be contrasted with its opposite which is monogamy and yet may arise from the same Psychology of Monogamy.
Forms of nonmonogamy include:
consensual nonmonogamy, in which a nonmonogamous relationship is formed by mutual consent of those involved
casual relationship a physical and emotional relationship between two unmarried people who may have a sexual relationship
group marriage (also termed polygynandry), in which several people form a single family unit, with all considered to be married to one another
group sex and orgies involving more than two participants at the same time
infidelity, such as an affair, in which one participant fails to comply with expectations of a relationship.
Line families, a form of group marriage intended to outlive its original members by ongoing addition of new spouses
ménage à trois, a sexual (or sometimes domestic) arrangement involving three people
plural marriage, a form of polygyny associated with the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the 19th-century and with present-day splinter groups from that faith
polyamory, in which participants have multiple romantic partners
polyandry, in which women have multiple husbands
PolyFamilies, similar to group marriage, but some members may not consider themselves married to all other members
polyfidelity, in which participants have multiple partners but restrict sexual activity to within a certain group
polygamy, a term encompassing both polygyny and polyandry
polygyny, in which men have multiple wives
open marriage and open relationships, in which one or both members of a committed couple are sexually active with other partners
swinging, similar to open relationships, but commonly conducted as an organised social activity
As can be seen from this list, the Greek prefix 'poly-' (meaning 'many') is often used in naming nonmonogamous forms of relationship. In informal use such names are sometimes abbreviated to just 'poly', with the rest indicated by context.
Many nonmonogamous terms are flexible in definition, because they are based on criteria such as 'relationship' or 'love' that are themselves variably defined; see discussions at their respective pages for more detail on individual forms. In addition, usage creates distinctions beyond the raw definitions of the words. Thus, even though some relationships might technically be considered both polygamous and polyamorous, 'polygamy' usually signifies a codified form of multiple marriage, based on established religious teachings, while 'polyamory' is based on the preferences of the participants rather than social custom or established precedent.
Forms of nonmonogamy include:
consensual nonmonogamy, in which a nonmonogamous relationship is formed by mutual consent of those involved
casual relationship a physical and emotional relationship between two unmarried people who may have a sexual relationship
group marriage (also termed polygynandry), in which several people form a single family unit, with all considered to be married to one another
group sex and orgies involving more than two participants at the same time
infidelity, such as an affair, in which one participant fails to comply with expectations of a relationship.
Line families, a form of group marriage intended to outlive its original members by ongoing addition of new spouses
ménage à trois, a sexual (or sometimes domestic) arrangement involving three people
plural marriage, a form of polygyny associated with the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the 19th-century and with present-day splinter groups from that faith
polyamory, in which participants have multiple romantic partners
polyandry, in which women have multiple husbands
PolyFamilies, similar to group marriage, but some members may not consider themselves married to all other members
polyfidelity, in which participants have multiple partners but restrict sexual activity to within a certain group
polygamy, a term encompassing both polygyny and polyandry
polygyny, in which men have multiple wives
open marriage and open relationships, in which one or both members of a committed couple are sexually active with other partners
swinging, similar to open relationships, but commonly conducted as an organised social activity
As can be seen from this list, the Greek prefix 'poly-' (meaning 'many') is often used in naming nonmonogamous forms of relationship. In informal use such names are sometimes abbreviated to just 'poly', with the rest indicated by context.
Many nonmonogamous terms are flexible in definition, because they are based on criteria such as 'relationship' or 'love' that are themselves variably defined; see discussions at their respective pages for more detail on individual forms. In addition, usage creates distinctions beyond the raw definitions of the words. Thus, even though some relationships might technically be considered both polygamous and polyamorous, 'polygamy' usually signifies a codified form of multiple marriage, based on established religious teachings, while 'polyamory' is based on the preferences of the participants rather than social custom or established precedent.
Greek words for love
A number of different Greek words for love, as the Greek language distinguishes how the word is used. Ancient Greek has three distinct words for love: eros, philia, and agape. However, as with other languages, it has been historically difficult to separate the meanings of these words. Nonetheless, the senses in which these words were generally used are given below.
Eros (ἔρως érōs) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. The Modern Greek word "erotas" means "(romantic) love". However, Eros does not have to be sexual in nature. Eros can be interpreted as a love for someone who you love more than the Philia love of friendship. It can also apply to dating relationships as well as marriage. Plato refined his own definition. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. It should be noted Plato does not talk of physical attraction as a necessary part of love, hence the use of the word platonic to mean, "without physical attraction". Plato also said Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty, and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. The most famous ancient work on the subject of eros is Plato's Symposium, which is a discussion among the students of Socrates on the nature of eros.
Philia (φιλία philía), means friendship in modern Greek, a dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept developed by Aristotle. It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality and familiarity. In ancient texts, philia denoted a general type of love, used for love between family, between friends, a desire or enjoyment of an activity, as well as between lovers. This is the only other word for "love" used in the ancient text of the New Testament besides agape, but even then it is used substantially less frequently.
Agapē (ἀγάπη agápē) means "love" in modern day Greek. The term s'agapo means "I love you" in Greek. The word "agapo" is the verb "I love". In Ancient Greek it often refers to a general affection rather than the attraction suggested by "eros"; agape is used in ancient texts to denote feelings for a good meal, one's children, and the feelings for a spouse. It can be described as the feeling of being content or holding one in high regard. The verb appears in the New Testament describing, amongst other things, the relationship between Jesus and the beloved disciple. In biblical literature, its meaning and usage is illustrated by self-sacrificing, giving love to all--both friend and enemy. It is used in Matthew 22:39, "Love your neighbour as yourself," and in John 15:12, "This is my commandment, that you love one another as I have loved you," and in 1 John 4:8, "God is love." However, the word "agape" is not always used in the New Testament in a positive sense. II Timothy 4:10 uses the word in a negative sense. The Apostle Paul writes,"For Demas hath forsaken me, having loved (agapo) this present world...." Thus the word "agape" is not always used of a divine love or the love of God. Christian commentators have expanded the original Greek definition to encompass a total commitment or self-sacrificial love for the thing loved. Because of its frequency of use in the New Testament, Christian writers have developed a significant amount of theology based solely on the interpretation of this word.
Storge (στοργή storgē) means "affection" in modern Greek; it is natural affection, like that felt by parents for offspring. Rarely used in ancient works, and then almost exclusively as a descriptor of relationships within the family.
Thelema (Template:Θέλημα) means "desire" in modern Greek; it is the desire to do something, to be occupied, to be in prominence.
Eros (ἔρως érōs) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. The Modern Greek word "erotas" means "(romantic) love". However, Eros does not have to be sexual in nature. Eros can be interpreted as a love for someone who you love more than the Philia love of friendship. It can also apply to dating relationships as well as marriage. Plato refined his own definition. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. It should be noted Plato does not talk of physical attraction as a necessary part of love, hence the use of the word platonic to mean, "without physical attraction". Plato also said Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty, and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. The most famous ancient work on the subject of eros is Plato's Symposium, which is a discussion among the students of Socrates on the nature of eros.
Philia (φιλία philía), means friendship in modern Greek, a dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept developed by Aristotle. It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality and familiarity. In ancient texts, philia denoted a general type of love, used for love between family, between friends, a desire or enjoyment of an activity, as well as between lovers. This is the only other word for "love" used in the ancient text of the New Testament besides agape, but even then it is used substantially less frequently.
Agapē (ἀγάπη agápē) means "love" in modern day Greek. The term s'agapo means "I love you" in Greek. The word "agapo" is the verb "I love". In Ancient Greek it often refers to a general affection rather than the attraction suggested by "eros"; agape is used in ancient texts to denote feelings for a good meal, one's children, and the feelings for a spouse. It can be described as the feeling of being content or holding one in high regard. The verb appears in the New Testament describing, amongst other things, the relationship between Jesus and the beloved disciple. In biblical literature, its meaning and usage is illustrated by self-sacrificing, giving love to all--both friend and enemy. It is used in Matthew 22:39, "Love your neighbour as yourself," and in John 15:12, "This is my commandment, that you love one another as I have loved you," and in 1 John 4:8, "God is love." However, the word "agape" is not always used in the New Testament in a positive sense. II Timothy 4:10 uses the word in a negative sense. The Apostle Paul writes,"For Demas hath forsaken me, having loved (agapo) this present world...." Thus the word "agape" is not always used of a divine love or the love of God. Christian commentators have expanded the original Greek definition to encompass a total commitment or self-sacrificial love for the thing loved. Because of its frequency of use in the New Testament, Christian writers have developed a significant amount of theology based solely on the interpretation of this word.
Storge (στοργή storgē) means "affection" in modern Greek; it is natural affection, like that felt by parents for offspring. Rarely used in ancient works, and then almost exclusively as a descriptor of relationships within the family.
Thelema (Template:Θέλημα) means "desire" in modern Greek; it is the desire to do something, to be occupied, to be in prominence.
Timeline of the Roman Empire.
8th century BC
A graphical timeline is available here:
Timeline of the Roman Kingdom
753 BC – Traditional date for the founding of Rome by Romulus; Rome as a kingdom
753/715 BC – reign of Romulus
715/673 BC – reign of Numa Pompilius: creation of the Roman senate and the priestly offices
712 – reign of hayley
7th century BC
673/642 BC – reign of Tullus Hostilius: building of the Curia Hostilia – the senate-house
642/617 BC – reign of Ancus Marcius
617/578 BC – reign of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus: building of the Circus Maximus, Rome gets the first system of sewers
6th centuary BC
578/534 BC – reign of Servius Tullius: defined the sacred boundary of Rome - the pomerium; first census
534/509 BC – reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last Roman king: builds temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
509 BC – Roman Republic begins: expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus: first consuls are Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus
508 BC – The office of pontifex maximus (high priest) is created
5th century BC
496 BC – Rome defeat the Etruscans at the battle of Lake Regillus
494 BC – Following the first Secession of the Plebs, two tribunes of the plebs and two plebeian aediles are elected for the first time
459 BC – The college of the tribune of the Plebs is raised from two to ten tribunes
449 BC – The Decemviri publish the Twelve Tables of Roman law
447 BC – Assembly of the People created: two quaestors elected for the first time
445 BC - Marriage between patricians and plebeians allowed
443 BC
The office of consul is replaced by an assembly of military tribune with consular powers, the Tribuni militum consulari potestate for this year.
Office of Censor created. Duties of Censor were Consular duties until this point, where consuls are replaced.
421 BC – Number of quaestors raised from 2 to 4; office opened to plebeians
408 BC – Consul replaced with Tribuni militum consulari potestate .
4th century BC
396 BC
Rome captures and sacks the Etruscan city of Veii after a 10-year siege, the final assault was conducted by Marcus Furius Camillus
Roman soldiers earn their first salary
394 BC – Office of consul replaces Tribuni militum consulari potestate.
391 BC – Office of Tribuni militum consulari potestate replaces office of consul.
390 BC – The Gauls defeat the Roman army at the battle of the Allia; sack of Rome by the Gauls
375/371 BC – Anarchy years: no magistrates elected
367 BC – Office of consul replaces Tribuni militum consulari potestate for last time.
366 BC –
Elected the first non-patrician consul: Lucius Sextius Sextinus
Office of Praetor urbanus created
351 BC – Elected the first non-patrician censor
343 BC – Beginning of the First Samnite war
342 BC
Battle of Mount Gaurus.
Lex Genucia passed: no man can hold the same office before 10 years have elapsed from the first election
341 BC – Rome withdraws from the conflict with the Samnites. End of First Samnite war.
340 BC – Rome enters the Latin War on the side of the Samnites.
338 BC – End of the Latin War. Latin League dissolved, and territory placed under Roman control.
326 BC – Second Samnite war begins.
321 BC – Battle of the Caudine Forks.
316 BC – Battle of Lautulae.
311 BC – Etruscans join the Samnites against Rome.
310 BC – Battle of Lake Vadimo between Rome and the Etruscans.
308 BC – The Second Samnite war escalates when the Umbrians, Picentini, and Marsians join the war against Rome.
306 BC – The Hernici revolt against Rome (Livy ix. 42).
305 BC – Battle of Bovianum ends with Samnite defeat and the end of main Samnite resistance.
304 BC – Aequi defeated.
304 BC – End of the Second Samnite War. Rome establishes many new colonies and gains control over much of central and southern Italy.
300 BC – Lex Ogulnia passed: priesthoods opened to plebeians
[edit]
2nd century BC
197 BC
Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Tarraconensis become Roman provinces
Number of quaestors raised from 8 to 12; number of praetors raised from 4 to 6
192/189 BC – Syrian war against the Seleucid dynasty
180 BC – Lex Villia annalis: established minimum ages for the cursus honorum offices; determined an interval of two years between offices
172/167 BC – Third Macedonian War, Roman victory
154/138 BC – War against the Lusitanians
149/146 BC – Third Punic War against Carthage
149/148 BC – Fourth Macedonian War
149 BC – A permanent extortion court is established by Lex Calpurnia
146 BC – Scipio Aemilianus Africanus (Scipio Africanus the Younger) puts an end to the Punic and Macedonian threat by destroying the cities of Carthage and Corinth; Macedonia and Africa are annexed as provinces
133 BC – The tribune Tiberius Gracchus is murdered after approving an agrarian reform
121 BC
Rome acquires the province of Transalpine Gaul (south of modern France) and a safe land route to Hispania
The Senate approves the first Senatus consultum de re publica defenda to deal with the threat of violence started by tribune Gaius Gracchus
112 BC – Jugurthine War against king Jughurta of Numidia begins.
107 BC
Gaius Marius elected consul based on election promise to end the war in one year.
Marian reforms of the Roman Legions put into effect.
106 BC
Gaius Marius elected consul a second time, and in absentia, to continue the Jugurthine War.
105 BC
Jugurthine War ends with the capture of Jughurta.
The invading tribe of the Cimbri inflict a major defeat on the Roman army in the battle of Arausio
104/102 BC - Gaius Marius elected consul for three years in a row
102 BC - Consular armies under Gaius Marius defeat Teutons in the Battle of Aquae Sextiae
101 BC - Romans under Marius (proconsul) and Quintus Lutatius Catulus (consul) defeat the Cimbri in the Battle of Vercellae
100 BC
Gaius Marius elected consul for a 6th time.
Political scandal surrounding Lucius Appuleius Saturninus forces Gaius Marius to retire from public life.
1st century
5 – Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior
6 – Judaea becomes a Roman province
6/9 – Rebellions in Pannonia and Dalmatia suppressed by Germanicus
9 – Three Roman legions are ambushed and massacred by the Germans in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
11 – Germania Inferior and the Rhine secured by Germanicus
14 – Death of Augustus, Tiberius becomes emperor
14/15 – Germanicus campaigns against the Germanic tribes
25 – Caesar Germanicus adopts his nephew Castor as his heir
26 – Tiberius retires to Capri, governing Rome by proxy
28 – The tribe of the Frisii rebel because of taxes
31 – The fall of Sejanus
37 –Caligula becomes emperor
41 –Claudius becomes emperor
43 – Claudius orders the Roman invasion of Britain
54 –Nero becomes emperor
58/63 – Nero orders war then peace with Parthia. Armenia is secured.
60/61 – Boudica, queen of the Iceni, leads a rebellion in Britain
64 – Great Fire of Rome
66/74 – Jewish rebellions in Judea
68 – military coup leads to Nero's suicide – end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty; succeeded by Galba
69 – Year of the four emperors: after the assassination of Galba, Otho and Vitellius briefly become emperors before Vespasian's accession to power in the end of the year; Flavian dynasty begins
69/70 – Civilis leads the Batavian rebellion in Germania Inferior; defeated by Quintus Petillius Cerialis
71/84 – Pacification of Britain, conquest of modern Wales and Scotland
79-Titus becomes emperor
August 24, An eruption of Vesuvius destroys much of Pompeii and Herculaneum
80 – Rome partially destroyed by fire
81 – Domitian becomes emperor
85 – King Decebalus of Dacia rebels and invades Moesia
89 – Rebellions in Germania Inferior and Pannonia force peace with Decebalus of Dacia
96 – Domitian killed – end of Flavian dynasty; succeeded by Nerva, the first of the Five good emperors
98 – Trajan becomes emperor
A graphical timeline is available here:
Timeline of the Roman Kingdom
753 BC – Traditional date for the founding of Rome by Romulus; Rome as a kingdom
753/715 BC – reign of Romulus
715/673 BC – reign of Numa Pompilius: creation of the Roman senate and the priestly offices
712 – reign of hayley
7th century BC
673/642 BC – reign of Tullus Hostilius: building of the Curia Hostilia – the senate-house
642/617 BC – reign of Ancus Marcius
617/578 BC – reign of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus: building of the Circus Maximus, Rome gets the first system of sewers
6th centuary BC
578/534 BC – reign of Servius Tullius: defined the sacred boundary of Rome - the pomerium; first census
534/509 BC – reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last Roman king: builds temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
509 BC – Roman Republic begins: expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus: first consuls are Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus
508 BC – The office of pontifex maximus (high priest) is created
5th century BC
496 BC – Rome defeat the Etruscans at the battle of Lake Regillus
494 BC – Following the first Secession of the Plebs, two tribunes of the plebs and two plebeian aediles are elected for the first time
459 BC – The college of the tribune of the Plebs is raised from two to ten tribunes
449 BC – The Decemviri publish the Twelve Tables of Roman law
447 BC – Assembly of the People created: two quaestors elected for the first time
445 BC - Marriage between patricians and plebeians allowed
443 BC
The office of consul is replaced by an assembly of military tribune with consular powers, the Tribuni militum consulari potestate for this year.
Office of Censor created. Duties of Censor were Consular duties until this point, where consuls are replaced.
421 BC – Number of quaestors raised from 2 to 4; office opened to plebeians
408 BC – Consul replaced with Tribuni militum consulari potestate .
4th century BC
396 BC
Rome captures and sacks the Etruscan city of Veii after a 10-year siege, the final assault was conducted by Marcus Furius Camillus
Roman soldiers earn their first salary
394 BC – Office of consul replaces Tribuni militum consulari potestate.
391 BC – Office of Tribuni militum consulari potestate replaces office of consul.
390 BC – The Gauls defeat the Roman army at the battle of the Allia; sack of Rome by the Gauls
375/371 BC – Anarchy years: no magistrates elected
367 BC – Office of consul replaces Tribuni militum consulari potestate for last time.
366 BC –
Elected the first non-patrician consul: Lucius Sextius Sextinus
Office of Praetor urbanus created
351 BC – Elected the first non-patrician censor
343 BC – Beginning of the First Samnite war
342 BC
Battle of Mount Gaurus.
Lex Genucia passed: no man can hold the same office before 10 years have elapsed from the first election
341 BC – Rome withdraws from the conflict with the Samnites. End of First Samnite war.
340 BC – Rome enters the Latin War on the side of the Samnites.
338 BC – End of the Latin War. Latin League dissolved, and territory placed under Roman control.
326 BC – Second Samnite war begins.
321 BC – Battle of the Caudine Forks.
316 BC – Battle of Lautulae.
311 BC – Etruscans join the Samnites against Rome.
310 BC – Battle of Lake Vadimo between Rome and the Etruscans.
308 BC – The Second Samnite war escalates when the Umbrians, Picentini, and Marsians join the war against Rome.
306 BC – The Hernici revolt against Rome (Livy ix. 42).
305 BC – Battle of Bovianum ends with Samnite defeat and the end of main Samnite resistance.
304 BC – Aequi defeated.
304 BC – End of the Second Samnite War. Rome establishes many new colonies and gains control over much of central and southern Italy.
300 BC – Lex Ogulnia passed: priesthoods opened to plebeians
[edit]
2nd century BC
197 BC
Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Tarraconensis become Roman provinces
Number of quaestors raised from 8 to 12; number of praetors raised from 4 to 6
192/189 BC – Syrian war against the Seleucid dynasty
180 BC – Lex Villia annalis: established minimum ages for the cursus honorum offices; determined an interval of two years between offices
172/167 BC – Third Macedonian War, Roman victory
154/138 BC – War against the Lusitanians
149/146 BC – Third Punic War against Carthage
149/148 BC – Fourth Macedonian War
149 BC – A permanent extortion court is established by Lex Calpurnia
146 BC – Scipio Aemilianus Africanus (Scipio Africanus the Younger) puts an end to the Punic and Macedonian threat by destroying the cities of Carthage and Corinth; Macedonia and Africa are annexed as provinces
133 BC – The tribune Tiberius Gracchus is murdered after approving an agrarian reform
121 BC
Rome acquires the province of Transalpine Gaul (south of modern France) and a safe land route to Hispania
The Senate approves the first Senatus consultum de re publica defenda to deal with the threat of violence started by tribune Gaius Gracchus
112 BC – Jugurthine War against king Jughurta of Numidia begins.
107 BC
Gaius Marius elected consul based on election promise to end the war in one year.
Marian reforms of the Roman Legions put into effect.
106 BC
Gaius Marius elected consul a second time, and in absentia, to continue the Jugurthine War.
105 BC
Jugurthine War ends with the capture of Jughurta.
The invading tribe of the Cimbri inflict a major defeat on the Roman army in the battle of Arausio
104/102 BC - Gaius Marius elected consul for three years in a row
102 BC - Consular armies under Gaius Marius defeat Teutons in the Battle of Aquae Sextiae
101 BC - Romans under Marius (proconsul) and Quintus Lutatius Catulus (consul) defeat the Cimbri in the Battle of Vercellae
100 BC
Gaius Marius elected consul for a 6th time.
Political scandal surrounding Lucius Appuleius Saturninus forces Gaius Marius to retire from public life.
1st century
5 – Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior
6 – Judaea becomes a Roman province
6/9 – Rebellions in Pannonia and Dalmatia suppressed by Germanicus
9 – Three Roman legions are ambushed and massacred by the Germans in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
11 – Germania Inferior and the Rhine secured by Germanicus
14 – Death of Augustus, Tiberius becomes emperor
14/15 – Germanicus campaigns against the Germanic tribes
25 – Caesar Germanicus adopts his nephew Castor as his heir
26 – Tiberius retires to Capri, governing Rome by proxy
28 – The tribe of the Frisii rebel because of taxes
31 – The fall of Sejanus
37 –Caligula becomes emperor
41 –Claudius becomes emperor
43 – Claudius orders the Roman invasion of Britain
54 –Nero becomes emperor
58/63 – Nero orders war then peace with Parthia. Armenia is secured.
60/61 – Boudica, queen of the Iceni, leads a rebellion in Britain
64 – Great Fire of Rome
66/74 – Jewish rebellions in Judea
68 – military coup leads to Nero's suicide – end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty; succeeded by Galba
69 – Year of the four emperors: after the assassination of Galba, Otho and Vitellius briefly become emperors before Vespasian's accession to power in the end of the year; Flavian dynasty begins
69/70 – Civilis leads the Batavian rebellion in Germania Inferior; defeated by Quintus Petillius Cerialis
71/84 – Pacification of Britain, conquest of modern Wales and Scotland
79-Titus becomes emperor
August 24, An eruption of Vesuvius destroys much of Pompeii and Herculaneum
80 – Rome partially destroyed by fire
81 – Domitian becomes emperor
85 – King Decebalus of Dacia rebels and invades Moesia
89 – Rebellions in Germania Inferior and Pannonia force peace with Decebalus of Dacia
96 – Domitian killed – end of Flavian dynasty; succeeded by Nerva, the first of the Five good emperors
98 – Trajan becomes emperor
Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)
Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)
was a Czech-Austrian monk who is often called the "father of genetics" for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants. Mendel showed that there was particular inheritance of traits according to his laws of inheritance. The significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century.
It was not until the early 20th century that the importance of his ideas was realized. In 1900, his work was rediscovered by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak. His results were quickly replicated, and genetic linkage quickly worked out. Biologists flocked to the theory, as while it was not yet applicable to many phenomena, it sought to give a genotypic understanding of heredity which they felt was lacking in previous studies of heredity which focused on phenotypic approaches.
was a Czech-Austrian monk who is often called the "father of genetics" for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants. Mendel showed that there was particular inheritance of traits according to his laws of inheritance. The significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century.
It was not until the early 20th century that the importance of his ideas was realized. In 1900, his work was rediscovered by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak. His results were quickly replicated, and genetic linkage quickly worked out. Biologists flocked to the theory, as while it was not yet applicable to many phenomena, it sought to give a genotypic understanding of heredity which they felt was lacking in previous studies of heredity which focused on phenotypic approaches.
Tuesday, October 23, 2007
Nobel Peace Center
The Nobel Peace Center opened in the heart of Oslo, Norway on June 11, 2005.
The Nobel Peace Center is a center where you can experience and learn about the various Peace Prize Laureates and their activities as well as the remarkable history of Alfred Nobel. In addition, it will serve as voice and meeting place where exhibits, discussions and reflections related to war, peace and conflict resolution is in focus.
The Center combines exhibits and films with digital communication and interactive installations, and has already received attention for its modern design and use of state of the art technology. The British architect David Adjaye, the American designer David Small and a number of other artists have contributed to making the Center an exciting new reason to visit Oslo.
The opening exhibitions include a video installation called "The Triptych of Hope", a photo exhibition on "Control Arms" by Amnesty International in addition to a film theater, high tech presentations of the laureates and information about Alfred Nobel.
The Nobel Peace Center is located in an old train station building from 1872, close to the Oslo City Hall and overlooking the harbor.
The Nobel Peace Center is a center where you can experience and learn about the various Peace Prize Laureates and their activities as well as the remarkable history of Alfred Nobel. In addition, it will serve as voice and meeting place where exhibits, discussions and reflections related to war, peace and conflict resolution is in focus.
The Center combines exhibits and films with digital communication and interactive installations, and has already received attention for its modern design and use of state of the art technology. The British architect David Adjaye, the American designer David Small and a number of other artists have contributed to making the Center an exciting new reason to visit Oslo.
The opening exhibitions include a video installation called "The Triptych of Hope", a photo exhibition on "Control Arms" by Amnesty International in addition to a film theater, high tech presentations of the laureates and information about Alfred Nobel.
The Nobel Peace Center is located in an old train station building from 1872, close to the Oslo City Hall and overlooking the harbor.
The Nobel Museum
The Nobel Museum illustrates a century of creativity. Follow the changes of the 20th century through the Nobel Prize and the Laureates. Explore the work and the ideas of more than 700 creative minds presented through short films, original artifacts and computers, in the exhibition "Cultures of Creativity." See the dynamite, the mould and the books that changed the world! Visit the Nobel Museum in the heart of Stockholm, the Old Town/Gamla Stan. The Nobel Museum also has an inspiring Book- and Giftshop well worth a visit.
Alfred Nobel - Timeline
1833 Alfred Nobel is born in Stockholm, Sweden. His father, Immanuel Nobel, goes bankrupt.
1837 Immanuel Nobel travels to Finland and then to St. Petersburg, Russia where he starts a mechanical workshop; his family is left in Sweden.
1842 The Nobel family is reunited in St. Petersburg.
1850-1852 Alfred Nobel goes to Paris and works for one year in the laboratory of T. Jules Pelouze. Travels to Italy, Germany and the U.S.
1853-1856 The Crimean War rages.
The Nobel Company first flourishes, but then undergoes bankruptcy as the war ends and the Russian military cancels orders.
Desperate search for new products. Zinin, Alfred Nobel's chemistry teacher, reminds him of nitroglycerine.
1860 Alfred Nobel starts his experiments with nitroglycerine.
1863 Obtains first patent on nitroglycerine (blasting oil) as an industrial explosive. Develops and patents an igniter (blasting cap) for triggering the explosion of nitroglycerine. Moves to Stockholm and continues experiments.
1864 Emil, Alfred Nobel's brother, is killed during the preparation of nitroglycerine at Heleneborg, Stockholm.
Nobel continues experiments and founds Nitroglycerin AB in Stockholm, Sweden.
1865 Alfred Nobel improves blasting cap and moves to Germany to set up Alfred Nobel & Co. Factory in Krümmel near Hamburg.
1866 Establishes the United States Blasting Oil Company in the U.S.
Violent explosion destroys the Krümmel plant. Experimenting on a raft anchored on the river Elbe, Alfred Nobel tries to make nitroglycerine safer to handle. Finds that the addition of kieselguhr turns nitroglycerine into a dough that can be kneaded, and calls it "dynamite".
1867 Alfred Nobel obtains patent for dynamite.
1870 Establishes Société général pour la fabrication de la dynamite in Paris, France.
1871 British Dynamite Company (Ardeer, Scotland, UK) is founded. In 1877 the company name was changed to Nobel's Explosives Company.
1872 Immanuel, Alfred Nobel's father, passes away.
1873 At the age of 40 Alfred Nobel is a wealthy man. He moves to Paris and settles at Avenue Malakoff.
Manufacture of nitroglycerine and dynamite starts at Ardeer.
1875 Alfred Nobel invents blasting gelatine in Paris. Patented it in 1876.
1876 Dynamitaktiengesellschaft (DAG), formerly Alfred Nobel & Co (Hamburg, Germany), is formed.
Alfred Nobel advertises for a housekeeper/personal secretary, meets with Bertha Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau (later von Suttner) and hires her. She leaves her employment after a short time and becomes a leading peace activist.
1880 Dynamite Nobel is formed by the fusion of Nobel's Italian and Swiss companies.
1881 Alfred Nobel buys an estate and laboratory at Sevran outside Paris.
1885 German Union formed by fusing DAG and a group of German dynamite companies.
1886 Nobel-Dynamite Trust Co, (London, UK) a cartelle of DAG and Nobel's Explosives.
1887
Obtains patent for blasting powder "ballistite" in France.
1889 Andriette, Alfred Nobel's mother, passes away.
1891 Alfred Nobel leaves Paris and settles in San Remo, Italy after dispute with the French government over ballistite.
1893 Alfred Nobel hires Ragnar Sohlman whom he later named executor of his will and testament.
1894 Alfred Nobel buys a small machine works, Bofors-Gullspång and a manor (Björkborn) at Karlskoga, Sweden.
1895 The third and last will of Alfred Nobel is signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris.
1896 Alfred Nobel dies in his home in San Remo, Italy on December 10, 1896.
1837 Immanuel Nobel travels to Finland and then to St. Petersburg, Russia where he starts a mechanical workshop; his family is left in Sweden.
1842 The Nobel family is reunited in St. Petersburg.
1850-1852 Alfred Nobel goes to Paris and works for one year in the laboratory of T. Jules Pelouze. Travels to Italy, Germany and the U.S.
1853-1856 The Crimean War rages.
The Nobel Company first flourishes, but then undergoes bankruptcy as the war ends and the Russian military cancels orders.
Desperate search for new products. Zinin, Alfred Nobel's chemistry teacher, reminds him of nitroglycerine.
1860 Alfred Nobel starts his experiments with nitroglycerine.
1863 Obtains first patent on nitroglycerine (blasting oil) as an industrial explosive. Develops and patents an igniter (blasting cap) for triggering the explosion of nitroglycerine. Moves to Stockholm and continues experiments.
1864 Emil, Alfred Nobel's brother, is killed during the preparation of nitroglycerine at Heleneborg, Stockholm.
Nobel continues experiments and founds Nitroglycerin AB in Stockholm, Sweden.
1865 Alfred Nobel improves blasting cap and moves to Germany to set up Alfred Nobel & Co. Factory in Krümmel near Hamburg.
1866 Establishes the United States Blasting Oil Company in the U.S.
Violent explosion destroys the Krümmel plant. Experimenting on a raft anchored on the river Elbe, Alfred Nobel tries to make nitroglycerine safer to handle. Finds that the addition of kieselguhr turns nitroglycerine into a dough that can be kneaded, and calls it "dynamite".
1867 Alfred Nobel obtains patent for dynamite.
1870 Establishes Société général pour la fabrication de la dynamite in Paris, France.
1871 British Dynamite Company (Ardeer, Scotland, UK) is founded. In 1877 the company name was changed to Nobel's Explosives Company.
1872 Immanuel, Alfred Nobel's father, passes away.
1873 At the age of 40 Alfred Nobel is a wealthy man. He moves to Paris and settles at Avenue Malakoff.
Manufacture of nitroglycerine and dynamite starts at Ardeer.
1875 Alfred Nobel invents blasting gelatine in Paris. Patented it in 1876.
1876 Dynamitaktiengesellschaft (DAG), formerly Alfred Nobel & Co (Hamburg, Germany), is formed.
Alfred Nobel advertises for a housekeeper/personal secretary, meets with Bertha Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau (later von Suttner) and hires her. She leaves her employment after a short time and becomes a leading peace activist.
1880 Dynamite Nobel is formed by the fusion of Nobel's Italian and Swiss companies.
1881 Alfred Nobel buys an estate and laboratory at Sevran outside Paris.
1885 German Union formed by fusing DAG and a group of German dynamite companies.
1886 Nobel-Dynamite Trust Co, (London, UK) a cartelle of DAG and Nobel's Explosives.
1887
Obtains patent for blasting powder "ballistite" in France.
1889 Andriette, Alfred Nobel's mother, passes away.
1891 Alfred Nobel leaves Paris and settles in San Remo, Italy after dispute with the French government over ballistite.
1893 Alfred Nobel hires Ragnar Sohlman whom he later named executor of his will and testament.
1894 Alfred Nobel buys a small machine works, Bofors-Gullspång and a manor (Björkborn) at Karlskoga, Sweden.
1895 The third and last will of Alfred Nobel is signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris.
1896 Alfred Nobel dies in his home in San Remo, Italy on December 10, 1896.
Alfred Nobel - The Man Behind the Nobel Prize
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize. But who was Alfred Nobel? Articles, photographs, a slide show and poetry written by Nobel himself are presented here to give a glimpse of a man whose varied interests are reflected in the prize he established. Meet Alfred Nobel - scientist, inventor, entrepreneur, author and pacifist.
The Nobel Prize
Every year since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace. The Nobel Prize is an international award administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. Each prize consists of a medal, personal diploma, and a cash award.
All Nobel Laureates
2007 - Chemistry, Gerhard Ertl
Economics, Leonid Hurwicz
Economics, Eric S. Maskin
Economics, Roger B. Myerson
Literature, Doris Lessing
Medicine, Mario R. Capecchi
Medicine, Sir Martin J. Evans
Medicine, Oliver Smithies
Peace, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Peace, Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.
Physics, Albert Fert
Physics, Peter Grünberg
2006 - Chemistry, Roger D. Kornberg
Economics, Edmund S. Phelps
Literature, Orhan Pamuk
Medicine, Andrew Z. Fire
Medicine, Craig C. Mello
Peace, Grameen Bank
Peace, Muhammad Yunus
Physics, John C. Mather
Physics, George F. Smoot
2005 - Chemistry, Yves Chauvin
Chemistry, Robert H. Grubbs
Chemistry, Richard R. Schrock
Economics, Robert J. Aumann
Economics, Thomas C. Schelling
Literature, Harold Pinter
Medicine, Barry J. Marshall
Medicine, J. Robin Warren
Peace, International Atomic Energy Agency
Peace, Mohamed ElBaradei
Physics, Roy J. Glauber
Physics, John L. Hall
Physics, Theodor W. Hänsch
2004 - Chemistry, Aaron Ciechanover
Chemistry, Avram Hershko
Chemistry, Irwin Rose
Economics, Finn E. Kydland
Economics, Edward C. Prescott
Literature, Elfriede Jelinek
Medicine, Richard Axel
Medicine, Linda B. Buck
Peace, Wangari Maathai
Physics, David J. Gross
Physics, H. David Politzer
Physics, Frank Wilczek
2003 - Chemistry, Peter Agre
Chemistry, Roderick MacKinnon
Economics, Robert F. Engle III
Economics, Clive W.J. Granger
Literature, J. M. Coetzee
Medicine, Paul C. Lauterbur
Medicine, Sir Peter Mansfield
Peace, Shirin Ebadi
Physics, Alexei A. Abrikosov
Physics, Vitaly L. Ginzburg
Physics, Anthony J. Leggett
2002 - Chemistry, John B. Fenn
Chemistry, Koichi Tanaka
Chemistry, Kurt Wüthrich
Economics, Daniel Kahneman
Economics, Vernon L. Smith
Literature, Imre Kertész
Medicine, Sydney Brenner
Medicine, H. Robert Horvitz
Medicine, John E. Sulston
Peace, Jimmy Carter
Physics, Raymond Davis Jr.
Physics, Riccardo Giacconi
Physics, Masatoshi Koshiba
2001 - Chemistry, William S. Knowles
Chemistry, Ryoji Noyori
Chemistry, K. Barry Sharpless
Economics, George A. Akerlof
Economics, A. Michael Spence
Economics, Joseph E. Stiglitz
Literature, V. S. Naipaul
Medicine, Leland H. Hartwell
Medicine, Tim Hunt
Medicine, Sir Paul Nurse
Peace, United Nations
Peace, Kofi Annan
Physics, Eric A. Cornell
Physics, Wolfgang Ketterle
Physics, Carl E. Wieman
2000 - Chemistry, Alan Heeger
Chemistry, Alan G. MacDiarmid
Chemistry, Hideki Shirakawa
Economics, James J. Heckman
Economics, Daniel L. McFadden
Literature, Gao Xingjian
Medicine, Arvid Carlsson
Medicine, Paul Greengard
Medicine, Eric R. Kandel
Peace, Kim Dae-jung
Physics, Zhores I. Alferov
Physics, Jack S. Kilby
Physics, Herbert Kroemer
1999 - Chemistry, Ahmed Zewail
Economics, Robert A. Mundell
Literature, Günter Grass
Medicine, Günter Blobel
Peace, Médecins Sans Frontières
Physics, Gerardus 't Hooft
Physics, Martinus J.G. Veltman
1998 - Chemistry, Walter Kohn
Chemistry, John Pople
Economics, Amartya Sen
Literature, José Saramago
Medicine, Robert F. Furchgott
Medicine, Louis J. Ignarro
Medicine, Ferid Murad
Peace, John Hume
Peace, David Trimble
Physics, Robert B. Laughlin
Physics, Horst L. Störmer
Physics, Daniel C. Tsui
1997 - Chemistry, Paul D. Boyer
Chemistry, Jens C. Skou
Chemistry, John E. Walker
Economics, Robert C. Merton
Economics, Myron S. Scholes
Literature, Dario Fo
Medicine, Stanley B. Prusiner
Peace, International Campaign to Ban Landmines
Peace, Jody Williams
Physics, Steven Chu
Physics, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
Physics, William D. Phillips
1996 - Chemistry, Robert F. Curl Jr.
Chemistry, Sir Harold Kroto
Chemistry, Richard E. Smalley
Economics, James A. Mirrlees
Economics, William Vickrey
Literature, Wislawa Szymborska
Medicine, Peter C. Doherty
Medicine, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Peace, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo
Peace, José Ramos-Horta
Physics, David M. Lee
Physics, Douglas D. Osheroff
Physics, Robert C. Richardson
1995 - Chemistry, Paul J. Crutzen
Chemistry, Mario J. Molina
Chemistry, F. Sherwood Rowland
Economics, Robert E. Lucas Jr.
Literature, Seamus Heaney
Medicine, Edward B. Lewis
Medicine, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Medicine, Eric F. Wieschaus
Peace, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
Peace, Joseph Rotblat
Physics, Martin L. Perl
Physics, Frederick Reines
1994 - Chemistry, George A. Olah
Economics, John C. Harsanyi
Economics, John F. Nash Jr.
Economics, Reinhard Selten
Literature, Kenzaburo Oe
Medicine, Alfred G. Gilman
Medicine, Martin Rodbell
Peace, Yasser Arafat
Peace, Shimon Peres
Peace, Yitzhak Rabin
Physics, Bertram N. Brockhouse
Physics, Clifford G. Shull
1993 - Chemistry, Kary B. Mullis
Chemistry, Michael Smith
Economics, Robert W. Fogel
Economics, Douglass C. North
Literature, Toni Morrison
Medicine, Richard J. Roberts
Medicine, Phillip A. Sharp
Peace, F.W. de Klerk
Peace, Nelson Mandela
Physics, Russell A. Hulse
Physics, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
1992 - Chemistry, Rudolph A. Marcus
Economics, Gary S. Becker
Literature, Derek Walcott
Medicine, Edmond H. Fischer
Medicine, Edwin G. Krebs
Peace, Rigoberta Menchú Tum
Physics, Georges Charpak
1991 - Chemistry, Richard R. Ernst
Economics, Ronald H. Coase
Literature, Nadine Gordimer
Medicine, Erwin Neher
Medicine, Bert Sakmann
Peace, Aung San Suu Kyi
Physics, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
1990 - Chemistry, Elias James Corey
Economics, Harry M. Markowitz
Economics, Merton H. Miller
Economics, William F. Sharpe
Literature, Octavio Paz
Medicine, Joseph E. Murray
Medicine, E. Donnall Thomas
Peace, Mikhail Gorbachev
Physics, Jerome I. Friedman
Physics, Henry W. Kendall
Physics, Richard E. Taylor
1989 - Chemistry, Sidney Altman
Chemistry, Thomas R. Cech
Economics, Trygve Haavelmo
Literature, Camilo José Cela
Medicine, J. Michael Bishop
Medicine, Harold E. Varmus
Peace, The 14th Dalai Lama
Physics, Hans G. Dehmelt
Physics, Wolfgang Paul
Physics, Norman F. Ramsey
1988 - Chemistry, Johann Deisenhofer
Chemistry, Robert Huber
Chemistry, Hartmut Michel
Economics, Maurice Allais
Literature, Naguib Mahfouz
Medicine, Sir James W. Black
Medicine, Gertrude B. Elion
Medicine, George H. Hitchings
Peace, United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
Physics, Leon M. Lederman
Physics, Melvin Schwartz
Physics, Jack Steinberger
1987 - Chemistry, Donald J. Cram
Chemistry, Jean-Marie Lehn
Chemistry, Charles J. Pedersen
Economics, Robert M. Solow
Literature, Joseph Brodsky
Medicine, Susumu Tonegawa
Peace, Oscar Arias Sánchez
Physics, J. Georg Bednorz
Physics, K. Alex Müller
1986 - Chemistry, Dudley R. Herschbach
Chemistry, Yuan T. Lee
Chemistry, John C. Polanyi
Economics, James M. Buchanan Jr.
Literature, Wole Soyinka
Medicine, Stanley Cohen
Medicine, Rita Levi-Montalcini
Peace, Elie Wiesel
Physics, Gerd Binnig
Physics, Heinrich Rohrer
Physics, Ernst Ruska
1985 - Chemistry, Herbert A. Hauptman
Chemistry, Jerome Karle
Economics, Franco Modigliani
Literature, Claude Simon
Medicine, Michael S. Brown
Medicine, Joseph L. Goldstein
Peace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
Physics, Klaus von Klitzing
1984 - Chemistry, Bruce Merrifield
Economics, Richard Stone
Literature, Jaroslav Seifert
Medicine, Niels K. Jerne
Medicine, Georges J.F. Köhler
Medicine, César Milstein
Peace, Desmond Tutu
Physics, Carlo Rubbia
Physics, Simon van der Meer
1983 - Chemistry, Henry Taube
Economics, Gerard Debreu
Literature, William Golding
Medicine, Barbara McClintock
Peace, Lech Walesa
Physics, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar
Physics, William A. Fowler
1982 - Chemistry, Aaron Klug
Economics, George J. Stigler
Literature, Gabriel García Márquez
Medicine, Sune K. Bergström
Medicine, Bengt I. Samuelsson
Medicine, John R. Vane
Peace, Alfonso García Robles
Peace, Alva Myrdal
Physics, Kenneth G. Wilson
1981 - Chemistry, Kenichi Fukui
Chemistry, Roald Hoffmann
Economics, James Tobin
Literature, Elias Canetti
Medicine, David H. Hubel
Medicine, Roger W. Sperry
Medicine, Torsten N. Wiesel
Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Physics, Nicolaas Bloembergen
Physics, Arthur L. Schawlow
Physics, Kai M. Siegbahn
1980 - Chemistry, Paul Berg
Chemistry, Walter Gilbert
Chemistry, Frederick Sanger
Economics, Lawrence R. Klein
Literature, Czeslaw Milosz
Medicine, Baruj Benacerraf
Medicine, Jean Dausset
Medicine, George D. Snell
Peace, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
Physics, James Cronin
Physics, Val Fitch
1979 - Chemistry, Herbert C. Brown
Chemistry, Georg Wittig
Economics, Sir Arthur Lewis
Economics, Theodore W. Schultz
Literature, Odysseus Elytis
Medicine, Allan M. Cormack
Medicine, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
Peace, Mother Teresa
Physics, Sheldon Glashow
Physics, Abdus Salam
Physics, Steven Weinberg
1978 - Chemistry, Peter Mitchell
Economics, Herbert A. Simon
Literature, Isaac Bashevis Singer
Medicine, Werner Arber
Medicine, Daniel Nathans
Medicine, Hamilton O. Smith
Peace, Anwar al-Sadat
Peace, Menachem Begin
Physics, Pyotr Kapitsa
Physics, Arno Penzias
Physics, Robert Woodrow Wilson
1977 - Chemistry, Ilya Prigogine
Economics, James E. Meade
Economics, Bertil Ohlin
Literature, Vicente Aleixandre
Medicine, Roger Guillemin
Medicine, Andrew V. Schally
Medicine, Rosalyn Yalow
Peace, Amnesty International
Physics, Philip W. Anderson
Physics, Sir Nevill F. Mott
Physics, John H. van Vleck
1976 - Chemistry, William Lipscomb
Economics, Milton Friedman
Literature, Saul Bellow
Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg
Medicine, D. Carleton Gajdusek
Peace, Mairead Corrigan
Peace, Betty Williams
Physics, Burton Richter
Physics, Samuel C.C. Ting
1975 - Chemistry, John Cornforth
Chemistry, Vladimir Prelog
Economics, Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
Economics, Tjalling C. Koopmans
Literature, Eugenio Montale
Medicine, David Baltimore
Medicine, Renato Dulbecco
Medicine, Howard M. Temin
Peace, Andrei Sakharov
Physics, Aage N. Bohr
Physics, Ben R. Mottelson
Physics, James Rainwater
1974 - Chemistry, Paul J. Flory
Economics, Gunnar Myrdal
Economics, Friedrich August von Hayek
Literature, Eyvind Johnson
Literature, Harry Martinson
Medicine, Albert Claude
Medicine, Christian de Duve
Medicine, George E. Palade
Peace, Seán MacBride
Peace, Eisaku Sato
Physics, Antony Hewish
Physics, Martin Ryle
1973 - Chemistry, Ernst Otto Fischer
Chemistry, Geoffrey Wilkinson
Economics, Wassily Leontief
Literature, Patrick White
Medicine, Konrad Lorenz
Medicine, Nikolaas Tinbergen
Medicine, Karl von Frisch
Peace, Le Duc Tho
Peace, Henry Kissinger
Physics, Leo Esaki
Physics, Ivar Giaever
Physics, Brian D. Josephson
1972 - Chemistry, Christian Anfinsen
Chemistry, Stanford Moore
Chemistry, William H. Stein
Economics, Kenneth J. Arrow
Economics, John R. Hicks
Literature, Heinrich Böll
Medicine, Gerald M. Edelman
Medicine, Rodney R. Porter
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, John Bardeen
Physics, Leon N. Cooper
Physics, Robert Schrieffer
1971 - Chemistry, Gerhard Herzberg
Economics, Simon Kuznets
Literature, Pablo Neruda
Medicine, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
Peace, Willy Brandt
Physics, Dennis Gabor
1970 - Chemistry, Luis Leloir
Economics, Paul A. Samuelson
Literature, Alexandr Solzhenitsyn
Medicine, Julius Axelrod
Medicine, Sir Bernard Katz
Medicine, Ulf von Euler
Peace, Norman Borlaug
Physics, Hannes Alfvén
Physics, Louis Néel
1969 - Chemistry, Derek Barton
Chemistry, Odd Hassel
Economics, Ragnar Frisch
Economics, Jan Tinbergen
Literature, Samuel Beckett
Medicine, Max Delbrück
Medicine, Alfred D. Hershey
Medicine, Salvador E. Luria
Peace, International Labour Organization
Physics, Murray Gell-Mann
1968 - Chemistry, Lars Onsager
Literature, Yasunari Kawabata
Medicine, Robert W. Holley
Medicine, H. Gobind Khorana
Medicine, Marshall W. Nirenberg
Peace, René Cassin
Physics, Luis Alvarez
1967 - Chemistry, Manfred Eigen
Chemistry, Ronald G.W. Norrish
Chemistry, George Porter
Literature, Miguel Angel Asturias
Medicine, Ragnar Granit
Medicine, Haldan K. Hartline
Medicine, George Wald
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Hans Bethe
1966 - Chemistry, Robert S. Mulliken
Literature, Shmuel Agnon
Literature, Nelly Sachs
Medicine, Charles B. Huggins
Medicine, Peyton Rous
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Alfred Kastler
1965 - Chemistry, Robert B. Woodward
Literature, Mikhail Sholokhov
Medicine, François Jacob
Medicine, André Lwoff
Medicine, Jacques Monod
Peace, United Nations Children's Fund
Physics, Richard P. Feynman
Physics, Julian Schwinger
Physics, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
1964 - Chemistry, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
Literature, Jean-Paul Sartre
Medicine, Konrad Bloch
Medicine, Feodor Lynen
Peace, Martin Luther King
Physics, Nicolay G. Basov
Physics, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov
Physics, Charles H. Townes
1963 - Chemistry, Giulio Natta
Chemistry, Karl Ziegler
Literature, Giorgos Seferis
Medicine, Sir John Eccles
Medicine, Alan L. Hodgkin
Medicine, Andrew F. Huxley
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Peace, League of Red Cross Societies
Physics, Maria Goeppert-Mayer
Physics, J. Hans D. Jensen
Physics, Eugene Wigner
1962 - Chemistry, John C. Kendrew
Chemistry, Max F. Perutz
Literature, John Steinbeck
Medicine, Francis Crick
Medicine, James Watson
Medicine, Maurice Wilkins
Peace, Linus Pauling
Physics, Lev Landau
1961 - Chemistry, Melvin Calvin
Literature, Ivo Andric
Medicine, Georg von Békésy
Peace, Dag Hammarskjöld
Physics, Robert Hofstadter
Physics, Rudolf Mössbauer
1960 - Chemistry, Willard F. Libby
Literature, Saint-John Perse
Medicine, Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Medicine, Peter Medawar
Peace, Albert Lutuli
Physics, Donald A. Glaser
1959 - Chemistry, Jaroslav Heyrovsky
Literature, Salvatore Quasimodo
Medicine, Arthur Kornberg
Medicine, Severo Ochoa
Peace, Philip Noel-Baker
Physics, Owen Chamberlain
Physics, Emilio Segrè
1958 - Chemistry, Frederick Sanger
Literature, Boris Pasternak
Medicine, George Beadle
Medicine, Joshua Lederberg
Medicine, Edward Tatum
Peace, Georges Pire
Physics, Pavel A. Cherenkov
Physics, Il´ja M. Frank
Physics, Igor Y. Tamm
1957 - Chemistry, Lord Todd
Literature, Albert Camus
Medicine, Daniel Bovet
Peace, Lester Bowles Pearson
Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee
Physics, Chen Ning Yang
1956 - Chemistry, Sir Cyril Hinshelwood
Chemistry, Nikolay Semenov
Literature, Juan Ramón Jiménez
Medicine, André F. Cournand
Medicine, Werner Forssmann
Medicine, Dickinson W. Richards
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, John Bardeen
Physics, Walter H. Brattain
Physics, William B. Shockley
1955 - Chemistry, Vincent du Vigneaud
Literature, Halldór Laxness
Medicine, Hugo Theorell
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Polykarp Kusch
Physics, Willis E. Lamb
1954 - Chemistry, Linus Pauling
Literature, Ernest Hemingway
Medicine, John F. Enders
Medicine, Frederick C. Robbins
Medicine, Thomas H. Weller
Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Physics, Max Born
Physics, Walther Bothe
1953 - Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger
Literature, Winston Churchill
Medicine, Hans Krebs
Medicine, Fritz Lipmann
Peace, George C. Marshall
Physics, Frits Zernike
1952 - Chemistry, Archer J.P. Martin
Chemistry, Richard L.M. Synge
Literature, François Mauriac
Medicine, Selman A. Waksman
Peace, Albert Schweitzer
Physics, Felix Bloch
Physics, E. M. Purcell
1951 - Chemistry, Edwin M. McMillan
Chemistry, Glenn T. Seaborg
Literature, Pär Lagerkvist
Medicine, Max Theiler
Peace, Léon Jouhaux
Physics, John Cockcroft
Physics, Ernest T.S. Walton
1950 - Chemistry, Kurt Alder
Chemistry, Otto Diels
Literature, Bertrand Russell
Medicine, Philip S. Hench
Medicine, Edward C. Kendall
Medicine, Tadeus Reichstein
Peace, Ralph Bunche
Physics, Cecil Powell
1949 - Chemistry, William F. Giauque
Literature, William Faulkner
Medicine, Walter Hess
Medicine, Egas Moniz
Peace, Lord Boyd Orr
Physics, Hideki Yukawa
1948 - Chemistry, Arne Tiselius
Literature, T.S. Eliot
Medicine, Paul Müller
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Patrick M.S. Blackett
1947 - Chemistry, Sir Robert Robinson
Literature, André Gide
Medicine, Carl Cori
Medicine, Gerty Cori
Medicine, Bernardo Houssay
Peace, Friends Service Council
Peace, American Friends Service Committee
Physics, Edward V. Appleton
1946 - Chemistry, John H. Northrop
Chemistry, Wendell M. Stanley
Chemistry, James B. Sumner
Literature, Hermann Hesse
Medicine, Hermann J. Muller
Peace, Emily Greene Balch
Peace, John R. Mott
Physics, Percy W. Bridgman
1945 - Chemistry, Artturi Virtanen
Literature, Gabriela Mistral
Medicine, Ernst B. Chain
Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming
Medicine, Sir Howard Florey
Peace, Cordell Hull
Physics, Wolfgang Pauli
1944 - Chemistry, Otto Hahn
Literature, Johannes V. Jensen
Medicine, Joseph Erlanger
Medicine, Herbert S. Gasser
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Physics, Isidor Isaac Rabi
1943 - Chemistry, George de Hevesy
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, Henrik Dam
Medicine, Edward A. Doisy
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Otto Stern
1942 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1941 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1940 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1939 - Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt
Chemistry, Leopold Ruzicka
Literature, Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Medicine, Gerhard Domagk
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Ernest Lawrence
1938 - Chemistry, Richard Kuhn
Literature, Pearl Buck
Medicine, Corneille Heymans
Peace, Nansen International Office for Refugees
Physics, Enrico Fermi
1937 - Chemistry, Norman Haworth
Chemistry, Paul Karrer
Literature, Roger Martin du Gard
Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi
Peace, Robert Cecil
Physics, Clinton Davisson
Physics, George Paget Thomson
1936 - Chemistry, Peter Debye
Literature, Eugene O'Neill
Medicine, Sir Henry Dale
Medicine, Otto Loewi
Peace, Carlos Saavedra Lamas
Physics, Carl D. Anderson
Physics, Victor F. Hess
1935 - Chemistry, Frédéric Joliot
Chemistry, Irène Joliot-Curie
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, Hans Spemann
Peace, Carl von Ossietzky
Physics, James Chadwick
1934 - Chemistry, Harold C. Urey
Literature, Luigi Pirandello
Medicine, George R. Minot
Medicine, William P. Murphy
Medicine, George H. Whipple
Peace, Arthur Henderson
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1933 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Ivan Bunin
Medicine, Thomas H. Morgan
Peace, Sir Norman Angell
Physics, Paul A.M. Dirac
Physics, Erwin Schrödinger
1932 - Chemistry, Irving Langmuir
Literature, John Galsworthy
Medicine, Edgar Adrian
Medicine, Sir Charles Sherrington
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Werner Heisenberg
1931 - Chemistry, Friedrich Bergius
Chemistry, Carl Bosch
Literature, Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Medicine, Otto Warburg
Peace, Jane Addams
Peace, Nicholas Murray Butler
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1930 - Chemistry, Hans Fischer
Literature, Sinclair Lewis
Medicine, Karl Landsteiner
Peace, Nathan Söderblom
Physics, Venkata Raman
1929 - Chemistry, Arthur Harden
Chemistry, Hans von Euler-Chelpin
Literature, Thomas Mann
Medicine, Christiaan Eijkman
Medicine, Sir Frederick Hopkins
Peace, Frank B. Kellogg
Physics, Louis de Broglie
1928 - Chemistry, Adolf Windaus
Literature, Sigrid Undset
Medicine, Charles Nicolle
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Owen Willans Richardson
1927 - Chemistry, Heinrich Wieland
Literature, Henri Bergson
Medicine, Julius Wagner-Jauregg
Peace, Ferdinand Buisson
Peace, Ludwig Quidde
Physics, Arthur H. Compton
Physics, C.T.R. Wilson
1926 - Chemistry, The Svedberg
Literature, Grazia Deledda
Medicine, Johannes Fibiger
Peace, Aristide Briand
Peace, Gustav Stresemann
Physics, Jean Baptiste Perrin
1925 - Chemistry, Richard Zsigmondy
Literature, George Bernard Shaw
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, Sir Austen Chamberlain
Peace, Charles G. Dawes
Physics, James Franck
Physics, Gustav Hertz
1924 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Wladyslaw Reymont
Medicine, Willem Einthoven
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Manne Siegbahn
1923 - Chemistry, Fritz Pregl
Literature, William Butler Yeats
Medicine, Frederick G. Banting
Medicine, John Macleod
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Robert A. Millikan
1922 - Chemistry, Francis W. Aston
Literature, Jacinto Benavente
Medicine, Archibald V. Hill
Medicine, Otto Meyerhof
Peace, Fridtjof Nansen
Physics, Niels Bohr
1921 - Chemistry, Frederick Soddy
Literature, Anatole France
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, Hjalmar Branting
Peace, Christian Lange
Physics, Albert Einstein
1920 - Chemistry, Walther Nernst
Literature, Knut Hamsun
Medicine, August Krogh
Peace, Léon Bourgeois
Physics, Charles Edouard Guillaume
1919 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Carl Spitteler
Medicine, Jules Bordet
Peace, Woodrow Wilson
Physics, Johannes Stark
1918 - Chemistry, Fritz Haber
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Max Planck
1917 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Karl Gjellerup
Literature, Henrik Pontoppidan
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Physics, Charles Glover Barkla
1916 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Verner von Heidenstam
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1915 - Chemistry, Richard Willstätter
Literature, Romain Rolland
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, William Bragg
Physics, Lawrence Bragg
1914 - Chemistry, Theodore W. Richards
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, Robert Bárány
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Max von Laue
1913 - Chemistry, Alfred Werner
Literature, Rabindranath Tagore
Medicine, Charles Richet
Peace, Henri La Fontaine
Physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1912 - Chemistry, Victor Grignard
Chemistry, Paul Sabatier
Literature, Gerhart Hauptmann
Medicine, Alexis Carrel
Peace, Elihu Root
Physics, Gustaf Dalén
1911 - Chemistry, Marie Curie
Literature, Maurice Maeterlinck
Medicine, Allvar Gullstrand
Peace, Tobias Asser
Peace, Alfred Fried
Physics, Wilhelm Wien
1910 - Chemistry, Otto Wallach
Literature, Paul Heyse
Medicine, Albrecht Kossel
Peace, Permanent International Peace Bureau
Physics, Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1909 - Chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald
Literature, Selma Lagerlöf
Medicine, Theodor Kocher
Peace, Auguste Beernaert
Peace, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
Physics, Ferdinand Braun
Physics, Guglielmo Marconi
1908 - Chemistry, Ernest Rutherford
Literature, Rudolf Eucken
Medicine, Paul Ehrlich
Medicine, Ilya Mechnikov
Peace, Klas Pontus Arnoldson
Peace, Fredrik Bajer
Physics, Gabriel Lippmann
1907 - Chemistry, Eduard Buchner
Literature, Rudyard Kipling
Medicine, Alphonse Laveran
Peace, Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
Peace, Louis Renault
Physics, Albert A. Michelson
1906 - Chemistry, Henri Moissan
Literature, Giosuè Carducci
Medicine, Camillo Golgi
Medicine, Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Peace, Theodore Roosevelt
Physics, J.J. Thomson
1905 - Chemistry, Adolf von Baeyer
Literature, Henryk Sienkiewicz
Medicine, Robert Koch
Peace, Bertha von Suttner
Physics, Philipp Lenard
1904 - Chemistry, Sir William Ramsay
Literature, José Echegaray
Literature, Frédéric Mistral
Medicine, Ivan Pavlov
Peace, Institute of International Law
Physics, Lord Rayleigh
1903 - Chemistry, Svante Arrhenius
Literature, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
Medicine, Niels Ryberg Finsen
Peace, Randal Cremer
Physics, Henri Becquerel
Physics, Pierre Curie
Physics, Marie Curie
1902 - Chemistry, Emil Fischer
Literature, Theodor Mommsen
Medicine, Ronald Ross
Peace, Élie Ducommun
Peace, Albert Gobat
Physics, Hendrik A. Lorentz
Physics, Pieter Zeeman
1901 - Chemistry, Jacobus H. van 't Hoff
Literature, Sully Prudhomme
Medicine, Emil von Behring
Peace, Henry Dunant
Peace, Frédéric Passy
Physics, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
Economics, Leonid Hurwicz
Economics, Eric S. Maskin
Economics, Roger B. Myerson
Literature, Doris Lessing
Medicine, Mario R. Capecchi
Medicine, Sir Martin J. Evans
Medicine, Oliver Smithies
Peace, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Peace, Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.
Physics, Albert Fert
Physics, Peter Grünberg
2006 - Chemistry, Roger D. Kornberg
Economics, Edmund S. Phelps
Literature, Orhan Pamuk
Medicine, Andrew Z. Fire
Medicine, Craig C. Mello
Peace, Grameen Bank
Peace, Muhammad Yunus
Physics, John C. Mather
Physics, George F. Smoot
2005 - Chemistry, Yves Chauvin
Chemistry, Robert H. Grubbs
Chemistry, Richard R. Schrock
Economics, Robert J. Aumann
Economics, Thomas C. Schelling
Literature, Harold Pinter
Medicine, Barry J. Marshall
Medicine, J. Robin Warren
Peace, International Atomic Energy Agency
Peace, Mohamed ElBaradei
Physics, Roy J. Glauber
Physics, John L. Hall
Physics, Theodor W. Hänsch
2004 - Chemistry, Aaron Ciechanover
Chemistry, Avram Hershko
Chemistry, Irwin Rose
Economics, Finn E. Kydland
Economics, Edward C. Prescott
Literature, Elfriede Jelinek
Medicine, Richard Axel
Medicine, Linda B. Buck
Peace, Wangari Maathai
Physics, David J. Gross
Physics, H. David Politzer
Physics, Frank Wilczek
2003 - Chemistry, Peter Agre
Chemistry, Roderick MacKinnon
Economics, Robert F. Engle III
Economics, Clive W.J. Granger
Literature, J. M. Coetzee
Medicine, Paul C. Lauterbur
Medicine, Sir Peter Mansfield
Peace, Shirin Ebadi
Physics, Alexei A. Abrikosov
Physics, Vitaly L. Ginzburg
Physics, Anthony J. Leggett
2002 - Chemistry, John B. Fenn
Chemistry, Koichi Tanaka
Chemistry, Kurt Wüthrich
Economics, Daniel Kahneman
Economics, Vernon L. Smith
Literature, Imre Kertész
Medicine, Sydney Brenner
Medicine, H. Robert Horvitz
Medicine, John E. Sulston
Peace, Jimmy Carter
Physics, Raymond Davis Jr.
Physics, Riccardo Giacconi
Physics, Masatoshi Koshiba
2001 - Chemistry, William S. Knowles
Chemistry, Ryoji Noyori
Chemistry, K. Barry Sharpless
Economics, George A. Akerlof
Economics, A. Michael Spence
Economics, Joseph E. Stiglitz
Literature, V. S. Naipaul
Medicine, Leland H. Hartwell
Medicine, Tim Hunt
Medicine, Sir Paul Nurse
Peace, United Nations
Peace, Kofi Annan
Physics, Eric A. Cornell
Physics, Wolfgang Ketterle
Physics, Carl E. Wieman
2000 - Chemistry, Alan Heeger
Chemistry, Alan G. MacDiarmid
Chemistry, Hideki Shirakawa
Economics, James J. Heckman
Economics, Daniel L. McFadden
Literature, Gao Xingjian
Medicine, Arvid Carlsson
Medicine, Paul Greengard
Medicine, Eric R. Kandel
Peace, Kim Dae-jung
Physics, Zhores I. Alferov
Physics, Jack S. Kilby
Physics, Herbert Kroemer
1999 - Chemistry, Ahmed Zewail
Economics, Robert A. Mundell
Literature, Günter Grass
Medicine, Günter Blobel
Peace, Médecins Sans Frontières
Physics, Gerardus 't Hooft
Physics, Martinus J.G. Veltman
1998 - Chemistry, Walter Kohn
Chemistry, John Pople
Economics, Amartya Sen
Literature, José Saramago
Medicine, Robert F. Furchgott
Medicine, Louis J. Ignarro
Medicine, Ferid Murad
Peace, John Hume
Peace, David Trimble
Physics, Robert B. Laughlin
Physics, Horst L. Störmer
Physics, Daniel C. Tsui
1997 - Chemistry, Paul D. Boyer
Chemistry, Jens C. Skou
Chemistry, John E. Walker
Economics, Robert C. Merton
Economics, Myron S. Scholes
Literature, Dario Fo
Medicine, Stanley B. Prusiner
Peace, International Campaign to Ban Landmines
Peace, Jody Williams
Physics, Steven Chu
Physics, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
Physics, William D. Phillips
1996 - Chemistry, Robert F. Curl Jr.
Chemistry, Sir Harold Kroto
Chemistry, Richard E. Smalley
Economics, James A. Mirrlees
Economics, William Vickrey
Literature, Wislawa Szymborska
Medicine, Peter C. Doherty
Medicine, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Peace, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo
Peace, José Ramos-Horta
Physics, David M. Lee
Physics, Douglas D. Osheroff
Physics, Robert C. Richardson
1995 - Chemistry, Paul J. Crutzen
Chemistry, Mario J. Molina
Chemistry, F. Sherwood Rowland
Economics, Robert E. Lucas Jr.
Literature, Seamus Heaney
Medicine, Edward B. Lewis
Medicine, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Medicine, Eric F. Wieschaus
Peace, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
Peace, Joseph Rotblat
Physics, Martin L. Perl
Physics, Frederick Reines
1994 - Chemistry, George A. Olah
Economics, John C. Harsanyi
Economics, John F. Nash Jr.
Economics, Reinhard Selten
Literature, Kenzaburo Oe
Medicine, Alfred G. Gilman
Medicine, Martin Rodbell
Peace, Yasser Arafat
Peace, Shimon Peres
Peace, Yitzhak Rabin
Physics, Bertram N. Brockhouse
Physics, Clifford G. Shull
1993 - Chemistry, Kary B. Mullis
Chemistry, Michael Smith
Economics, Robert W. Fogel
Economics, Douglass C. North
Literature, Toni Morrison
Medicine, Richard J. Roberts
Medicine, Phillip A. Sharp
Peace, F.W. de Klerk
Peace, Nelson Mandela
Physics, Russell A. Hulse
Physics, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
1992 - Chemistry, Rudolph A. Marcus
Economics, Gary S. Becker
Literature, Derek Walcott
Medicine, Edmond H. Fischer
Medicine, Edwin G. Krebs
Peace, Rigoberta Menchú Tum
Physics, Georges Charpak
1991 - Chemistry, Richard R. Ernst
Economics, Ronald H. Coase
Literature, Nadine Gordimer
Medicine, Erwin Neher
Medicine, Bert Sakmann
Peace, Aung San Suu Kyi
Physics, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
1990 - Chemistry, Elias James Corey
Economics, Harry M. Markowitz
Economics, Merton H. Miller
Economics, William F. Sharpe
Literature, Octavio Paz
Medicine, Joseph E. Murray
Medicine, E. Donnall Thomas
Peace, Mikhail Gorbachev
Physics, Jerome I. Friedman
Physics, Henry W. Kendall
Physics, Richard E. Taylor
1989 - Chemistry, Sidney Altman
Chemistry, Thomas R. Cech
Economics, Trygve Haavelmo
Literature, Camilo José Cela
Medicine, J. Michael Bishop
Medicine, Harold E. Varmus
Peace, The 14th Dalai Lama
Physics, Hans G. Dehmelt
Physics, Wolfgang Paul
Physics, Norman F. Ramsey
1988 - Chemistry, Johann Deisenhofer
Chemistry, Robert Huber
Chemistry, Hartmut Michel
Economics, Maurice Allais
Literature, Naguib Mahfouz
Medicine, Sir James W. Black
Medicine, Gertrude B. Elion
Medicine, George H. Hitchings
Peace, United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
Physics, Leon M. Lederman
Physics, Melvin Schwartz
Physics, Jack Steinberger
1987 - Chemistry, Donald J. Cram
Chemistry, Jean-Marie Lehn
Chemistry, Charles J. Pedersen
Economics, Robert M. Solow
Literature, Joseph Brodsky
Medicine, Susumu Tonegawa
Peace, Oscar Arias Sánchez
Physics, J. Georg Bednorz
Physics, K. Alex Müller
1986 - Chemistry, Dudley R. Herschbach
Chemistry, Yuan T. Lee
Chemistry, John C. Polanyi
Economics, James M. Buchanan Jr.
Literature, Wole Soyinka
Medicine, Stanley Cohen
Medicine, Rita Levi-Montalcini
Peace, Elie Wiesel
Physics, Gerd Binnig
Physics, Heinrich Rohrer
Physics, Ernst Ruska
1985 - Chemistry, Herbert A. Hauptman
Chemistry, Jerome Karle
Economics, Franco Modigliani
Literature, Claude Simon
Medicine, Michael S. Brown
Medicine, Joseph L. Goldstein
Peace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
Physics, Klaus von Klitzing
1984 - Chemistry, Bruce Merrifield
Economics, Richard Stone
Literature, Jaroslav Seifert
Medicine, Niels K. Jerne
Medicine, Georges J.F. Köhler
Medicine, César Milstein
Peace, Desmond Tutu
Physics, Carlo Rubbia
Physics, Simon van der Meer
1983 - Chemistry, Henry Taube
Economics, Gerard Debreu
Literature, William Golding
Medicine, Barbara McClintock
Peace, Lech Walesa
Physics, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar
Physics, William A. Fowler
1982 - Chemistry, Aaron Klug
Economics, George J. Stigler
Literature, Gabriel García Márquez
Medicine, Sune K. Bergström
Medicine, Bengt I. Samuelsson
Medicine, John R. Vane
Peace, Alfonso García Robles
Peace, Alva Myrdal
Physics, Kenneth G. Wilson
1981 - Chemistry, Kenichi Fukui
Chemistry, Roald Hoffmann
Economics, James Tobin
Literature, Elias Canetti
Medicine, David H. Hubel
Medicine, Roger W. Sperry
Medicine, Torsten N. Wiesel
Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Physics, Nicolaas Bloembergen
Physics, Arthur L. Schawlow
Physics, Kai M. Siegbahn
1980 - Chemistry, Paul Berg
Chemistry, Walter Gilbert
Chemistry, Frederick Sanger
Economics, Lawrence R. Klein
Literature, Czeslaw Milosz
Medicine, Baruj Benacerraf
Medicine, Jean Dausset
Medicine, George D. Snell
Peace, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
Physics, James Cronin
Physics, Val Fitch
1979 - Chemistry, Herbert C. Brown
Chemistry, Georg Wittig
Economics, Sir Arthur Lewis
Economics, Theodore W. Schultz
Literature, Odysseus Elytis
Medicine, Allan M. Cormack
Medicine, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
Peace, Mother Teresa
Physics, Sheldon Glashow
Physics, Abdus Salam
Physics, Steven Weinberg
1978 - Chemistry, Peter Mitchell
Economics, Herbert A. Simon
Literature, Isaac Bashevis Singer
Medicine, Werner Arber
Medicine, Daniel Nathans
Medicine, Hamilton O. Smith
Peace, Anwar al-Sadat
Peace, Menachem Begin
Physics, Pyotr Kapitsa
Physics, Arno Penzias
Physics, Robert Woodrow Wilson
1977 - Chemistry, Ilya Prigogine
Economics, James E. Meade
Economics, Bertil Ohlin
Literature, Vicente Aleixandre
Medicine, Roger Guillemin
Medicine, Andrew V. Schally
Medicine, Rosalyn Yalow
Peace, Amnesty International
Physics, Philip W. Anderson
Physics, Sir Nevill F. Mott
Physics, John H. van Vleck
1976 - Chemistry, William Lipscomb
Economics, Milton Friedman
Literature, Saul Bellow
Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg
Medicine, D. Carleton Gajdusek
Peace, Mairead Corrigan
Peace, Betty Williams
Physics, Burton Richter
Physics, Samuel C.C. Ting
1975 - Chemistry, John Cornforth
Chemistry, Vladimir Prelog
Economics, Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
Economics, Tjalling C. Koopmans
Literature, Eugenio Montale
Medicine, David Baltimore
Medicine, Renato Dulbecco
Medicine, Howard M. Temin
Peace, Andrei Sakharov
Physics, Aage N. Bohr
Physics, Ben R. Mottelson
Physics, James Rainwater
1974 - Chemistry, Paul J. Flory
Economics, Gunnar Myrdal
Economics, Friedrich August von Hayek
Literature, Eyvind Johnson
Literature, Harry Martinson
Medicine, Albert Claude
Medicine, Christian de Duve
Medicine, George E. Palade
Peace, Seán MacBride
Peace, Eisaku Sato
Physics, Antony Hewish
Physics, Martin Ryle
1973 - Chemistry, Ernst Otto Fischer
Chemistry, Geoffrey Wilkinson
Economics, Wassily Leontief
Literature, Patrick White
Medicine, Konrad Lorenz
Medicine, Nikolaas Tinbergen
Medicine, Karl von Frisch
Peace, Le Duc Tho
Peace, Henry Kissinger
Physics, Leo Esaki
Physics, Ivar Giaever
Physics, Brian D. Josephson
1972 - Chemistry, Christian Anfinsen
Chemistry, Stanford Moore
Chemistry, William H. Stein
Economics, Kenneth J. Arrow
Economics, John R. Hicks
Literature, Heinrich Böll
Medicine, Gerald M. Edelman
Medicine, Rodney R. Porter
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, John Bardeen
Physics, Leon N. Cooper
Physics, Robert Schrieffer
1971 - Chemistry, Gerhard Herzberg
Economics, Simon Kuznets
Literature, Pablo Neruda
Medicine, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
Peace, Willy Brandt
Physics, Dennis Gabor
1970 - Chemistry, Luis Leloir
Economics, Paul A. Samuelson
Literature, Alexandr Solzhenitsyn
Medicine, Julius Axelrod
Medicine, Sir Bernard Katz
Medicine, Ulf von Euler
Peace, Norman Borlaug
Physics, Hannes Alfvén
Physics, Louis Néel
1969 - Chemistry, Derek Barton
Chemistry, Odd Hassel
Economics, Ragnar Frisch
Economics, Jan Tinbergen
Literature, Samuel Beckett
Medicine, Max Delbrück
Medicine, Alfred D. Hershey
Medicine, Salvador E. Luria
Peace, International Labour Organization
Physics, Murray Gell-Mann
1968 - Chemistry, Lars Onsager
Literature, Yasunari Kawabata
Medicine, Robert W. Holley
Medicine, H. Gobind Khorana
Medicine, Marshall W. Nirenberg
Peace, René Cassin
Physics, Luis Alvarez
1967 - Chemistry, Manfred Eigen
Chemistry, Ronald G.W. Norrish
Chemistry, George Porter
Literature, Miguel Angel Asturias
Medicine, Ragnar Granit
Medicine, Haldan K. Hartline
Medicine, George Wald
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Hans Bethe
1966 - Chemistry, Robert S. Mulliken
Literature, Shmuel Agnon
Literature, Nelly Sachs
Medicine, Charles B. Huggins
Medicine, Peyton Rous
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Alfred Kastler
1965 - Chemistry, Robert B. Woodward
Literature, Mikhail Sholokhov
Medicine, François Jacob
Medicine, André Lwoff
Medicine, Jacques Monod
Peace, United Nations Children's Fund
Physics, Richard P. Feynman
Physics, Julian Schwinger
Physics, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
1964 - Chemistry, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
Literature, Jean-Paul Sartre
Medicine, Konrad Bloch
Medicine, Feodor Lynen
Peace, Martin Luther King
Physics, Nicolay G. Basov
Physics, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov
Physics, Charles H. Townes
1963 - Chemistry, Giulio Natta
Chemistry, Karl Ziegler
Literature, Giorgos Seferis
Medicine, Sir John Eccles
Medicine, Alan L. Hodgkin
Medicine, Andrew F. Huxley
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Peace, League of Red Cross Societies
Physics, Maria Goeppert-Mayer
Physics, J. Hans D. Jensen
Physics, Eugene Wigner
1962 - Chemistry, John C. Kendrew
Chemistry, Max F. Perutz
Literature, John Steinbeck
Medicine, Francis Crick
Medicine, James Watson
Medicine, Maurice Wilkins
Peace, Linus Pauling
Physics, Lev Landau
1961 - Chemistry, Melvin Calvin
Literature, Ivo Andric
Medicine, Georg von Békésy
Peace, Dag Hammarskjöld
Physics, Robert Hofstadter
Physics, Rudolf Mössbauer
1960 - Chemistry, Willard F. Libby
Literature, Saint-John Perse
Medicine, Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Medicine, Peter Medawar
Peace, Albert Lutuli
Physics, Donald A. Glaser
1959 - Chemistry, Jaroslav Heyrovsky
Literature, Salvatore Quasimodo
Medicine, Arthur Kornberg
Medicine, Severo Ochoa
Peace, Philip Noel-Baker
Physics, Owen Chamberlain
Physics, Emilio Segrè
1958 - Chemistry, Frederick Sanger
Literature, Boris Pasternak
Medicine, George Beadle
Medicine, Joshua Lederberg
Medicine, Edward Tatum
Peace, Georges Pire
Physics, Pavel A. Cherenkov
Physics, Il´ja M. Frank
Physics, Igor Y. Tamm
1957 - Chemistry, Lord Todd
Literature, Albert Camus
Medicine, Daniel Bovet
Peace, Lester Bowles Pearson
Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee
Physics, Chen Ning Yang
1956 - Chemistry, Sir Cyril Hinshelwood
Chemistry, Nikolay Semenov
Literature, Juan Ramón Jiménez
Medicine, André F. Cournand
Medicine, Werner Forssmann
Medicine, Dickinson W. Richards
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, John Bardeen
Physics, Walter H. Brattain
Physics, William B. Shockley
1955 - Chemistry, Vincent du Vigneaud
Literature, Halldór Laxness
Medicine, Hugo Theorell
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Polykarp Kusch
Physics, Willis E. Lamb
1954 - Chemistry, Linus Pauling
Literature, Ernest Hemingway
Medicine, John F. Enders
Medicine, Frederick C. Robbins
Medicine, Thomas H. Weller
Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Physics, Max Born
Physics, Walther Bothe
1953 - Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger
Literature, Winston Churchill
Medicine, Hans Krebs
Medicine, Fritz Lipmann
Peace, George C. Marshall
Physics, Frits Zernike
1952 - Chemistry, Archer J.P. Martin
Chemistry, Richard L.M. Synge
Literature, François Mauriac
Medicine, Selman A. Waksman
Peace, Albert Schweitzer
Physics, Felix Bloch
Physics, E. M. Purcell
1951 - Chemistry, Edwin M. McMillan
Chemistry, Glenn T. Seaborg
Literature, Pär Lagerkvist
Medicine, Max Theiler
Peace, Léon Jouhaux
Physics, John Cockcroft
Physics, Ernest T.S. Walton
1950 - Chemistry, Kurt Alder
Chemistry, Otto Diels
Literature, Bertrand Russell
Medicine, Philip S. Hench
Medicine, Edward C. Kendall
Medicine, Tadeus Reichstein
Peace, Ralph Bunche
Physics, Cecil Powell
1949 - Chemistry, William F. Giauque
Literature, William Faulkner
Medicine, Walter Hess
Medicine, Egas Moniz
Peace, Lord Boyd Orr
Physics, Hideki Yukawa
1948 - Chemistry, Arne Tiselius
Literature, T.S. Eliot
Medicine, Paul Müller
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Patrick M.S. Blackett
1947 - Chemistry, Sir Robert Robinson
Literature, André Gide
Medicine, Carl Cori
Medicine, Gerty Cori
Medicine, Bernardo Houssay
Peace, Friends Service Council
Peace, American Friends Service Committee
Physics, Edward V. Appleton
1946 - Chemistry, John H. Northrop
Chemistry, Wendell M. Stanley
Chemistry, James B. Sumner
Literature, Hermann Hesse
Medicine, Hermann J. Muller
Peace, Emily Greene Balch
Peace, John R. Mott
Physics, Percy W. Bridgman
1945 - Chemistry, Artturi Virtanen
Literature, Gabriela Mistral
Medicine, Ernst B. Chain
Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming
Medicine, Sir Howard Florey
Peace, Cordell Hull
Physics, Wolfgang Pauli
1944 - Chemistry, Otto Hahn
Literature, Johannes V. Jensen
Medicine, Joseph Erlanger
Medicine, Herbert S. Gasser
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Physics, Isidor Isaac Rabi
1943 - Chemistry, George de Hevesy
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, Henrik Dam
Medicine, Edward A. Doisy
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Otto Stern
1942 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1941 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1940 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1939 - Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt
Chemistry, Leopold Ruzicka
Literature, Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Medicine, Gerhard Domagk
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Ernest Lawrence
1938 - Chemistry, Richard Kuhn
Literature, Pearl Buck
Medicine, Corneille Heymans
Peace, Nansen International Office for Refugees
Physics, Enrico Fermi
1937 - Chemistry, Norman Haworth
Chemistry, Paul Karrer
Literature, Roger Martin du Gard
Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi
Peace, Robert Cecil
Physics, Clinton Davisson
Physics, George Paget Thomson
1936 - Chemistry, Peter Debye
Literature, Eugene O'Neill
Medicine, Sir Henry Dale
Medicine, Otto Loewi
Peace, Carlos Saavedra Lamas
Physics, Carl D. Anderson
Physics, Victor F. Hess
1935 - Chemistry, Frédéric Joliot
Chemistry, Irène Joliot-Curie
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, Hans Spemann
Peace, Carl von Ossietzky
Physics, James Chadwick
1934 - Chemistry, Harold C. Urey
Literature, Luigi Pirandello
Medicine, George R. Minot
Medicine, William P. Murphy
Medicine, George H. Whipple
Peace, Arthur Henderson
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1933 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Ivan Bunin
Medicine, Thomas H. Morgan
Peace, Sir Norman Angell
Physics, Paul A.M. Dirac
Physics, Erwin Schrödinger
1932 - Chemistry, Irving Langmuir
Literature, John Galsworthy
Medicine, Edgar Adrian
Medicine, Sir Charles Sherrington
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Werner Heisenberg
1931 - Chemistry, Friedrich Bergius
Chemistry, Carl Bosch
Literature, Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Medicine, Otto Warburg
Peace, Jane Addams
Peace, Nicholas Murray Butler
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1930 - Chemistry, Hans Fischer
Literature, Sinclair Lewis
Medicine, Karl Landsteiner
Peace, Nathan Söderblom
Physics, Venkata Raman
1929 - Chemistry, Arthur Harden
Chemistry, Hans von Euler-Chelpin
Literature, Thomas Mann
Medicine, Christiaan Eijkman
Medicine, Sir Frederick Hopkins
Peace, Frank B. Kellogg
Physics, Louis de Broglie
1928 - Chemistry, Adolf Windaus
Literature, Sigrid Undset
Medicine, Charles Nicolle
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Owen Willans Richardson
1927 - Chemistry, Heinrich Wieland
Literature, Henri Bergson
Medicine, Julius Wagner-Jauregg
Peace, Ferdinand Buisson
Peace, Ludwig Quidde
Physics, Arthur H. Compton
Physics, C.T.R. Wilson
1926 - Chemistry, The Svedberg
Literature, Grazia Deledda
Medicine, Johannes Fibiger
Peace, Aristide Briand
Peace, Gustav Stresemann
Physics, Jean Baptiste Perrin
1925 - Chemistry, Richard Zsigmondy
Literature, George Bernard Shaw
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, Sir Austen Chamberlain
Peace, Charles G. Dawes
Physics, James Franck
Physics, Gustav Hertz
1924 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Wladyslaw Reymont
Medicine, Willem Einthoven
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Manne Siegbahn
1923 - Chemistry, Fritz Pregl
Literature, William Butler Yeats
Medicine, Frederick G. Banting
Medicine, John Macleod
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Robert A. Millikan
1922 - Chemistry, Francis W. Aston
Literature, Jacinto Benavente
Medicine, Archibald V. Hill
Medicine, Otto Meyerhof
Peace, Fridtjof Nansen
Physics, Niels Bohr
1921 - Chemistry, Frederick Soddy
Literature, Anatole France
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, Hjalmar Branting
Peace, Christian Lange
Physics, Albert Einstein
1920 - Chemistry, Walther Nernst
Literature, Knut Hamsun
Medicine, August Krogh
Peace, Léon Bourgeois
Physics, Charles Edouard Guillaume
1919 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Carl Spitteler
Medicine, Jules Bordet
Peace, Woodrow Wilson
Physics, Johannes Stark
1918 - Chemistry, Fritz Haber
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Max Planck
1917 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Karl Gjellerup
Literature, Henrik Pontoppidan
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Physics, Charles Glover Barkla
1916 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Verner von Heidenstam
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1915 - Chemistry, Richard Willstätter
Literature, Romain Rolland
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, William Bragg
Physics, Lawrence Bragg
1914 - Chemistry, Theodore W. Richards
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, Robert Bárány
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Max von Laue
1913 - Chemistry, Alfred Werner
Literature, Rabindranath Tagore
Medicine, Charles Richet
Peace, Henri La Fontaine
Physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1912 - Chemistry, Victor Grignard
Chemistry, Paul Sabatier
Literature, Gerhart Hauptmann
Medicine, Alexis Carrel
Peace, Elihu Root
Physics, Gustaf Dalén
1911 - Chemistry, Marie Curie
Literature, Maurice Maeterlinck
Medicine, Allvar Gullstrand
Peace, Tobias Asser
Peace, Alfred Fried
Physics, Wilhelm Wien
1910 - Chemistry, Otto Wallach
Literature, Paul Heyse
Medicine, Albrecht Kossel
Peace, Permanent International Peace Bureau
Physics, Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1909 - Chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald
Literature, Selma Lagerlöf
Medicine, Theodor Kocher
Peace, Auguste Beernaert
Peace, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
Physics, Ferdinand Braun
Physics, Guglielmo Marconi
1908 - Chemistry, Ernest Rutherford
Literature, Rudolf Eucken
Medicine, Paul Ehrlich
Medicine, Ilya Mechnikov
Peace, Klas Pontus Arnoldson
Peace, Fredrik Bajer
Physics, Gabriel Lippmann
1907 - Chemistry, Eduard Buchner
Literature, Rudyard Kipling
Medicine, Alphonse Laveran
Peace, Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
Peace, Louis Renault
Physics, Albert A. Michelson
1906 - Chemistry, Henri Moissan
Literature, Giosuè Carducci
Medicine, Camillo Golgi
Medicine, Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Peace, Theodore Roosevelt
Physics, J.J. Thomson
1905 - Chemistry, Adolf von Baeyer
Literature, Henryk Sienkiewicz
Medicine, Robert Koch
Peace, Bertha von Suttner
Physics, Philipp Lenard
1904 - Chemistry, Sir William Ramsay
Literature, José Echegaray
Literature, Frédéric Mistral
Medicine, Ivan Pavlov
Peace, Institute of International Law
Physics, Lord Rayleigh
1903 - Chemistry, Svante Arrhenius
Literature, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
Medicine, Niels Ryberg Finsen
Peace, Randal Cremer
Physics, Henri Becquerel
Physics, Pierre Curie
Physics, Marie Curie
1902 - Chemistry, Emil Fischer
Literature, Theodor Mommsen
Medicine, Ronald Ross
Peace, Élie Ducommun
Peace, Albert Gobat
Physics, Hendrik A. Lorentz
Physics, Pieter Zeeman
1901 - Chemistry, Jacobus H. van 't Hoff
Literature, Sully Prudhomme
Medicine, Emil von Behring
Peace, Henry Dunant
Peace, Frédéric Passy
Physics, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
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